An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations · Adam Smith
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_Macedon_, Philip of, the superiority that discipline gave his army over that of his enemies, 294. _Machines_ for facilitating mechanical operations, how invented and improved, 4, 5. Are advantageous to every society, 116. _Madder_, the cultivation of, long confined to Holland by English tithes, 353. _Madeira wines_, how introduced into North America and Britain, 204. _Malt_, reasons for transferring the duties on brewing to, 378. Distillery, how to prevent smuggling, 377. _Manufactures_, the great advantages resulting from a division of labour in, 3. Instances in illustration, 5. Why profits increase in the higher stages of, 21. Of what parts the gain consists, 22. The private advantages of secrets in, 25. Peculiar advantages of soil and situation, ib. Monopolies, ib. Corporation privileges, 26. The deductions made from labour employed on manufactures, 27. Inquiry how far they are affected by seasons of plenty and scarcity, 35. Are not no materially affected by circumstances in the country where they are carried on, as in the places where they are consumed, ib. New manufactures generally give higher wages than old ones, 48. Are more profitably carried on in towns than in the open country, 53. By what means the prices of, are reduced while the society continues improving, 103. Instances in hardware, ib. Instances in the woollen manufacture, 104. What fixed capitals are required to carry on particular manufactures, 112. Manufactures for distant sale, why not established in North America, 156. Why preferred to foreign trade for the employment of a capital, ib. Motives to the establishment of manufactures for distant sale, 165. How shifted from one country to another, ib., 166. Natural circumstances which contribute to the establishment of them, ib. Their effect on the government and manners of a country, 167. The independence of artisans explained, 169. May flourish amidst the ruin of a country, and begin to decay on the return of its prosperity, 180. Inquiry how far manufactures might be affected by a freedom of trade, 190. British restraints on manufactures in North America, 238, 239. The exportation of instruments in, prohibited, 273. By the principal support of foreign trade, 283. Require a more extensive market than rude produce of the land, ib. Were exercised by slaves in ancient Greece, 284. High prices of, in Greece and at Rome, 285. False policy to check manufactures in order to promote agriculture, ib. In Great Britain, why principally fixed in the coal countries, 370.
_Manufacturers_, those thrown out of one business can transfer their industry to colateral employments, 190. A spirit of combination among them to support monopolies, 191. Manufacturers prohibited by old statutes from keeping a shop, or selling their own goods by retail, 215, 216. The use of wholesale dealers to manufacturers, 217. An unproductive class of the people, according to the French agricultural system of political economy, 276. The error of this doctrine shewn, 280. How manufacturers augment the revenue of a country, 281. _Manure_, the supply of, in most places depends on the stock of cattle raised, 93. _Maritime countries_, why the first that are civilized and improved, 9. _Martial spirit_, how supported in the ancient republics of Greece and Rome, 329. The want of it now supplied by standing armies, ib. The establishment of a militia little able to support it, ib. _Mediterranean sea_, peculiarly favourable for the first attempts in navigation, 9. _Meggens_, Mr. his account of the annual importation of gold and silver into Spain and Portugal, 88. His relative proportion of each, 89. _Mercantile system_ explained, 372. _Mercenary troops_, origin and reason of, 291. The numbers of, how limited, ib.
_Merchants_, their judgments more to be depended on respecting the interest of their particular branches of trade, than with regard to the public interest, 106, 107. Their capitals altogether circulating, 112. Their dealings extended by the aid of bankers notes, 121, 124. Customs of, first established to supply the want of laws, and afterwards admitted as laws, 126. The manner of negociating bills of exchange, explained, ib. The pernicious tendency of drawing and redrawing, ib., 127. In what method their capitals are employed, 147. Their capitals, dispersed and unfixed, 149. The principles of foreign trade examined, 153. Are the best of improvers when they turn country gentlemen, 167. Their preference among the different species of trade, how determined, 183. Are actuated by a narrow spirit of monopoly, 201. The several branches of the corn trade specified and considered, 215. The government of a company of, the worst a country can be under, 234. Of London, not good economists, 253. An unproductive class of men, according to the present agricultural system of political economy in France, 277. The quick return of mercantile capitals enables merchants to advance money to government, 386, 387. Their capitals increased by lending money to the state, 387. _Mercier_, de la Riviere, M. character of his natural and essential order of political societies, 282. _Metals_, why the best medium of commerce, 10. Origin of stamped coins, 11. Why different metals became the standard of value among different nations, 16. The durability of, the cause of the steadiness of their price, 88. On what the quantity of precious metals in every particular country depends, 100. Restraints upon the exportation of, 272.
_Metaphysics_, the science of, explained, 323. _Metayers_, description of the class of farmers so called in France, 159. _Methodists_, the teachers among, why popular preachers, 330. _Methuen_, Mr. translation of the commercial treaty concluded by him between England and Portugal, 223. _Mexico_, was a less civilized country than Peru, when first visited by the Spaniards, 85. Present populousness of the capital city, 233. Low state of arts at the first discovery of that empire, ib. _Militia_, why allowed to be formed in cities, and its formidable nature, 164. The origin and nature of, explained, 292. How distinguished from a regular standing army, ib. Must always be inferior to a standing army, 293. A few campaigns of service may make a militia equal to a standing army, ib. Instances, 294. _Milk_, a most perishable commodity, how manufactured for store, 96. _Mills_, wind and water, their late introduction into England, 105. _Mines_, distinguished by their fertility or barrenness, 70. Comparison between those of coal and those of metals, 71. The competition between, extends to all parts of the world, ib. The working of, a lottery, 72. Diamond mines not always worth working, 73. Tax paid to the king of Spain from the Peruvian mines, 85. The discovery of mines not dependent on human skill or industry, 100. In Hungary, why worked at less expense than the neighbouring ones in Turkey, 284.
_Mining_, projects of, uncertain and ruinous, and unfit for legal encouragement, 230. _Mirabeau_, Marquis de, his character of the economical table, 282. _Mississippi_ scheme in France, the real foundation of, 130. _Modus_ for tithe, a relief to the farmer, 353. _Money_, the origin of, traced, 10. Is the representative of labour, 13. The value of, greatly depreciated by the discovery of the American mines, 14. How different metals became the standard money of different nations, 16. The only part of the circulating capital of a society, of which the maintenance can diminish their neat revenue, 116. Makes no part of the revenue of a society, 117. The term money, in common acceptation, of ambiguous meaning, ib. The circulating money, in society, no measure of its revenue, 118. Paper money, ib. Effect of paper on the circulation of cash, ib., 119. Inquiry into the proportion the circulating money of any country bears to the annual produce circulated by it, 120. Paper can never exceed the value of the cash, of which it supplies the place, in any country, 122. The pernicious practice of raising money by circulation, explained, 126. The true cause of its exportation, 139. Loans of, the principles of, analysed, 144. Monied interest distinguished from the landed and trading interest, ib. Inquiry into the real causes of the reduction of interest, 145. Money and wealth synonymous terms in popular language, 173. And moveable goods compared, ib. The accumulation of, studied by the European nations, 174. The mercantile arguments for liberty to export gold and silver, ib. The validity of these arguments examined, 175. Money and goods mutually the price of each other, ib. Over-trading causes complaints of the scarcity of money, 176. Why more easy to buy goods with money, than to buy money with goods, 177. Inquiry into the circulating quantity of, in Great Britain, 178. Effect of the discovery of the American mines on the value of, 181. Money and wealth different things, 182. Bank money explained, 195. See _Coins_, _Gold_, and _Silver_.
_Monopolies_ in trade or manufactures, the tendency of, 25. Are enemies to good management, 62. Tendency of making a monopoly, of colony trade, 251. Countries which have colonies obliged to share their advantages with many other countries, 260. The chief engine in the mercantile system, 261. How monopolies derange the natural distribution of the stock of the society, ib. Are supported by unjust and cruel laws, 268. Of a temporary nature, how far justifiable, 316. Perpetual monopolies injurious to the people at large, ib. _Montauban_, the inequalities in the predial taille in that generality, how rectified, 352. _Montesquieu_, reasons given by him for the high rates of interest among all Mahometan nations, 40. Examination of his idea of the cause of lowering the rate of interest of money, 145. _Morality_, two different systems of, in every civilized society, 332. The principal points of distinction between them, 333. The ties of obligation in each system, ib. Why the morals of the common people are more regular in sectaries than under the established church, ib. The excesses of, how to be corrected, ib. _Morellet_, M. his account of joint-stock companies, defective, 317. _Mun_, Mr. his illustration of the operation of money exported for commercial purposes, 174. _Music_, why a part of the ancient Grecian education, 324. And dancing, great amusement among barbarous nations, ib.
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