The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex · Charles Darwin
CHAPTER XXI. GENERAL A SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION.
Douglas, J.W., on the sexual differences of the Hemiptera; colours of British Homoptera. Down, of birds. Draco, gular appendages of. Dragonet, Gemmeous. Dragon-flies, caudal appendages of male; relative size of the sexes of; difference in the sexes of; want of pugnacity by the male. Drake, breeding plumage of the. Dreams, possible source of the belief in spiritual agencies. Drill, sexual difference of colour in the. Dromaeus irroratus. Dromolaea, Saharan species of. Drongo shrike. Drongos, racket-shaped feathers in the tails of. Dryness of climate, supposed influence of, on the colour of the skin. Dryopithecus. Duck, harlequin, age of mature plumage in the; breeding in immature plumage. Duck, long-tailed, preference of male, for certain females. Duck, pintail, pairing with a widgeon. Duck, voice of the; pairing with a shield-drake; immature plumage of the. Duck, wild, sexual differences in the; speculum and male characters of; pairing with a pin-tail drake. Ducks, wild, becoming polygamous under partial domestication; dogs and cats recognised by. Dufosse, Dr., sounds produced by fish. Dugong, nakedness of; tusks of. Dujardin, on the relative size of the cerebral ganglia, in insects. Duncan, Dr., on the fertility of early marriages; comparative health of married and single. Dupont, M., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man. Durand, J.P., on causes of variation. Dureau de la Malle, on the songs of birds; on the acquisition of an air by blackbirds.
Dutch, retention of their colour by the, in South Africa. Duty, sense of. Duvaucel, female Hylobates washing her young. Dyaks, pride of, in mere homicide. Dynastes, large size of males of. Dynastini, stridulation of. Dytiscus, dimorphism of females of; grooved elytra of the female. Eagle, young Cercopithecus rescued from, by the troop. Eagle, white-headed, breeding in immature plumage. Eagles, golden, new mates found by. Ear, motion of the; external shell of the, useless in man; rudimentary point of the, in man. Ears, more variable in men than women; piercing and ornamentation of the. Earwigs, parental feeling in. Echidna. Echini, bright colours of some. Echinodermata, absence of secondary sexual characters in. Echis carinata. Ecker, figure of the human embryo; on the development of the gyri and sulci of the brain; on the sexual differences in the pelvis in man; on the presence of a sagittal crest in Australians. Edentata, former wide range of, in America; absence of secondary sexual characters in. Edolius, racket-shaped feathers in. Edwards, Mr., on the proportion of the sexes in North American species of Papilio. Eels, hermaphroditism of. Egerton, Sir P., on the use of the antlers of deer; on the pairing of red deer; on the bellowing of stags. Eggs, hatched by male fishes. Egret, Indian, sexes and young of. Egrets, breeding plumage of; white. Ehrenberg, on the mane of the male Hamadryas baboon.
Ekstrom, M., on Harelda glacialis. Elachista rufocinerea, habits of male. Eland, development of the horns of the. Elands, sexual differences of colour in. Elaphomyia, sexual differences in. Elaphrus uliginosus, stridulation of. Elaps. Elateridae, proportion of the sexes in. Elaters, luminous. Elephant, rate of increase of the; nakedness of the; using a fan; Indian, forbearance to his keeper; polygamous habits of the; pugnacity of the male; tusks of; Indian, mode of fighting of the; male, odour emitted by the; attacking white or grey horses. Elevation of abode, modifying influence of. Elimination of inferior individuals. Elk, winter change of the. Elk, Irish, horns of the. Ellice Islands, beards of the natives. Elliot, D.G., on Pelecanus erythrorhynchus. Elliot, R., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in young rats; on the proportion of the sexes in sheep. Elliot, Sir W., on the polygamous habits of the Indian wild boar. Ellis, on the prevalence of infanticide in Polynesia. Elphinstone, Mr., on local difference of stature among the Hindoos; on the difficulty of distinguishing the native races of India. Elytra, of the females of Dytiscus Acilius, Hydroporus. Emberiza, characters of young. Emberiza miliaria. Emberiza schoeniclus, head-feathers of the male. Embryo of man; of the dog. Embryos of mammals, resemblance of the. Emigration. Emotions experienced by the lower animals in common with man; manifested by animals.
Emperor butterfly. Emperor moth. Emu, sexes and incubation of. Emulation of singing birds. Endurance, estimation of. Energy, a characteristic of men. England, numerical proportion of male and female births in. Engleheart, Mr., on the finding of new mates by starlings. English, success of, as colonists. Engravers, short-sighted. Entomostraca. Entozoa, difference of colour between the males and females of some. Environment, direct action of the, in causing differences between the sexes. Envy, persistence of. Eocene period, possible divergence of men during the. Eolidae, colours of, produced by the biliary glands. Epeira nigra, small size of the male of. Ephemerae. Ephemeridae. Ephippiger vitium, stridulating organs of. Epicalia, sexual differences of colouring in the species of. Equus hemionus, winter change of. Erateina, coloration of. Ercolani, Prof., hermaphroditism in eels. Erect attitude of man. Eristalis, courting of. Eschricht, on the development of hair in man; on a languinous moustache in a female foetus; on the want of definition between the scalp and the forehead in some children; on the arrangement of the hair in the human foetus; on the hairiness of the face in the human foetus of both sexes. Esmeralda, difference of colour in the sexes of. Esox lucius. Esox reticulatus. Esquimaux, their belief in the inheritance of dexterity in seal-catching; mode of life of. Estrelda amandava, pugnacity of the male. Eubagis, sexual differences of colouring in the species of.
Euchirus longimanus, sound produced by. Eudromias morinellus. Eulampis jugularis, colours of the female. Euler, on the rate of increase in the United States. Eunomota superciliaris, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of. Eupetomena macroura, colours of the female. Euphema splendida. Euplocamus erythrophthalmus, possession of spurs by the female. Europe, ancient inhabitants of. Europeans, difference of, from Hindoos; hairiness of, probably due to reversion. Eurostopodus, sexes of. Eurygnathus, different proportions of the head in the sexes of. Eustephanus, sexual differences of species of; young of. Exaggeration of natural characters by man. Exogamy. Experience, acquisition of, by animals. Expression, resemblances in, between man and the apes. Extinction of races, causes of. Eye, destruction of the; change of position in; obliquity of, regarded as a beauty by the Chinese and Japanese. Eyebrows, elevation of; development of long hairs in; in monkeys; eradicated in parts of South America and Africa; eradication of, by the Indians of Paraguay. Eyelashes, eradication of, by the Indians of Paraguay. Eyelids, coloured black, in part of Africa. Eyes, pillared, of the male of Chloeon; difference in the colour of, in the sexes of birds. Eyton, T.C., observations on the development of the horns in the fallow deer. Eyzies, Les, human remains from. Fabre, M., on the habits of Cerceris. Facial bones, causes of modification of the. Faculties, diversity of, in the same race of men; inheritance of; diversity of, in animals of the same species; mental variation of, in the same species; of birds.
Fakirs, Indian, tortures undergone by. Falco leucocephalus. Falco peregrinus. Falco tinnunclus. Falcon, peregrine, new mate found by. Falconer, H., on the mode of fighting of the Indian elephant; on canines in a female deer; on Hyomoschus aquaticus. Falkland Islands, horses of. Fallow-deer, different coloured herds of. Famines, frequency of, among savages. Farr, Dr., on the effects of profligacy; on the influence of marriage on mortality. Farrar, F.W., on the origin of language; on the crossing or blending of languages; on the absence of the idea of God in certain races of men; on early marriages of the poor; on the middle ages. Farre, Dr., on the structure of the uterus. Fashions, long prevalence of, among savages. Faye, Prof., on the numerical proportion of male and female births in Norway and Russia; on the greater mortality of male children at and before birth. Feathers, modified, producing sounds; elongated, in male birds; racket-shaped; barbless and with filamentous barbs in certain birds; shedding of margins of. Feeding, high, probable influence of, in the pairing of birds of different species. Feet, thickening of the skin on the soles of the; modification of, in man. Felis canadensis, throat-ruff of. Felis pardalis and F. mitis, sexual difference in the colouring of. Female, behaviour of the, during courtship. Female birds, differences of. Females, presence of rudimentary male organs in; preference of, for certain males; pursuit of, by males; occurrence of secondary sexual characters in; development of male character by.
Females and males, comparative numbers of; comparative mortality of, while young. Femur and tibia, proportions of, in the Aymara Indians. Fenton, Mr., decrease of Maories; infanticide amongst the Maories. Ferguson, Mr., on the courtship of fowls. Fertilisation, phenomena of, in plants; in the lower animals. Fertility lessened under changed conditions. Fevers, immunity of Negroes and Mulattoes from. Fiber zibethicus, protective colouring of it. Fick, H., effect of conscription for military service. Fidelity, in the elephant; of savages to one another; importance of. Field-slaves, difference of, from house-slaves. Fiji Archipelago, population of the. Fiji Islands, beards of the natives; marriage-customs of the. Fijians, burying their old and sick parents alive; estimation of the beard among the; admiration of, for a broad occiput. Filial affection, partly the result of natural selection. Filum terminale. Finch, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a. Finches, spring change of colour in; British, females of the. Fingers, partially coherent, in species of Hylobates. Finlayson, on the Cochin Chinese. Fire, use of. Fischer, on the pugnacity of the male of Lethrus cephalotes. Fischer, F. Von, on display of brightly coloured parts by monkeys in courtship. Fish, eagerness of male; proportion of the sexes in; sounds produced by. Fishes, kidneys of, represented by Corpora Wolffiana in the human embryo; male, hatching ova in their mouths; receptacles for ova possessed by; relative size of the sexes in; fresh-water, of the tropics; protective resemblances in; change of colour in; nest-building; spawning of; sounds produced by; continued growth of.
Flamingo, age of mature plumage. Flexor pollicis longus, similar variation of, in man. Flies, humming of. Flint tools. Flints, difficulty of chipping into form. Florida, Quiscalus major in. Florisuga mellivora. Flounder, coloration of the. Flower, W.H., on the abductor of the fifth metatarsal in apes; on the position of the Seals; on the Pithecia monachu; on the throat-pouch of the male bustard. Fly-catchers, colours and nidification of. Foetus, human, woolly covering of the; arrangement of the hair on. Food, influence of, upon stature. Foot, prehensile power of the, retained in some savages; prehensile, in the early progenitors of man. Foramen, supra-condyloid, exceptional occurrence of in the humerus of man; in the early progenitors of man. Forbes, D., on the Aymara Indians; on local variation of colour in the Quichuas; on the hairlessness of the Aymaras and Quichuas; on the long hair of the Aymaras and Quichaus. Forel, F., on white young swans. Forester, Hon. O.W., on an orphan hawk. Formica rufa, size of the cerebral ganglia in. Fossils, absence of, connecting man with the apes. Fowl, occurrence of spurs in the female; game, early pugnacity of; Polish, early development of cranial peculiarities of; variations in plumage of; examples of correlated development in the; domestic, breeds and sub-breeds of. Fowls, spangled Hamburg; inheritance of changes of plumage by; sexual peculiarities in, transmitted only to the same sex; loss of secondary sexual characters by male; Polish, origin of the crest in; period of inheritance of characters by; cuckoo-; development of the comb in; numerical proportion of the sexes in; courtship of; mongrel, between a black Spanish cock and different hens; pencilled Hamburg, difference of the sexes in; Spanish, sexual differences of the comb in; spurred, in both sexes.
Fox, W.D., on some half-tamed wild ducks becoming polygamous, and on polygamy in the guinea-fowl and canary-bird; on the proportion of the sexes in cattle; on the pugnacity of the peacock; on a nuptial assembly of magpies; on the finding of new mates by crows; on partridges living in triplets; on the pairing of a goose with a Chinese gander. Foxes, wariness of young, in hunting districts; black. Fraser, C., on the different colours of the sexes in a species of Squilla. Fraser, G., colours of Thecla. Frere, Hookham, quoting Theognis on selection in mankind. Fringilla cannabina. Fringilla ciris, age of mature plumage in. Fringilla cyanea, age of mature plumage in. Fringilla leucophrys, young of. Fringilla spinus. Fringilla tristis, change of colour in, in spring; young of. Fringillidae, resemblance of the females of distinct species of. Frog, bright coloured and distasteful to birds. Frogs, male; temporary receptacles for ova possessed by; ready to breed before the females; fighting of; vocal organs of. Frontal bone, persistence of the suture in. Fruits, poisonous, avoided by animals. Fuegians, difference of stature among the; power of sight in the; skill of, in stone-throwing; resistance of the, to their severe climate; mental capacity of the; quasi-religious sentiments of the; resemblance of, in mental characters, to Europeans; mode of life of the; aversion of, to hair on the face; said to admire European women.
Fulgoridae, songs of the. Fur, whiteness of, in Arctic animals in winter. Fur-bearing animals, acquired sagacity of. Gallicrex, sexual difference in the colour of the irides in. Gallicrex cristatus, pugnacity of male; red carbuncle occurring in the male during the breeding-season. Gallinaceae, frequency of polygamous habits and of sexual differences in the; love-gestures of; decomposed feathers in; stripes of young; comparative sexual differences between the species of; plumage of. Gallinaceous birds, weapons of the male; racket-shaped feathers on the heads of. Gallinula chloropus, pugnacity of the male. Galloperdix, spurs of; development of spurs in the female. Gallophasis, young of. Galls. Gallus bankiva, neck-hackles of. Gallus Stanleyi, pugnacity of the male. Galton, Mr., on hereditary genius; gregariousness and independence in animals; on the struggle between the social and personal impulses; on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations; on the sterility of sole daughters; on the degree of fertility of people of genius; on the early marriages of the poor; on the ancient Greeks; on the Middle Ages; on the progress of the United States; on South African notions of beauty. Gammarus, use of the chelae of. Gammarus marinus. Gannets, white only when mature. Ganoid fishes. Gaour, horns of the. Gap between man and the apes. Gaper, sexes and young of. Gardner, on an example of rationality in a Gelasimus.
Garrulus glandarius. Gartner, on sterility of hybrid plants. Gasteropoda, pulmoniferous, courtship of. Gasterosteus, nidification of. Gasterosteus leiurus. Gasterosteus trachurus. Gastrophora, wings of, brightly coloured beneath. Gauchos, want of humanity among the. Gaudry, M., on a fossil monkey. Gavia, seasonal change of plumage in. Geese, clanging noise made by; pairing of different species of; Canada, selection of mates by. Gegenbaur, C., on the number of digits in the Ichthyopterygia; on the hermaphroditism of the remote progenitors of the vertebrata; two types of nipple in mammals. Gelasimus, proportions of the sexes in a species of; use of the enlarged chelae of the male; pugnacity of males of; rational actions of a; difference of colour in the sexes of a species of. Gemmules, dormant in one sex. Genius, hereditary. Genius, fertility of men and women of. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, Isid., on the recognition of women by male quadrumana; on monstrosities; coincidences of arrested development with polydactylism; on animal-like anomalies in the human structure; on the correlation of monstrosities; on the distribution of hair in man and monkeys; on the caudal vertebrae of monkeys; on correlated variability; on the classification of man; on the long hair on the heads of species of Semnopithecus; on the hair in monkeys; on the development of horns in female deer; and F. Cuvier, on the mandrill; on Hylobates. Geographical distribution, as evidence of specific distinctions in man.
Geometrae, brightly coloured beneath. Geophagus, frontal protuberance of, male; eggs hatched by the male, in the mouth or branchial cavity. Georgia, change of colour in Germans settled in. Geotrupes, stridulation of. Gerbe, M., on the nest-building of Crenilabus massa and C. Melops. Gerland, Dr., on the prevalence of infanticide; on the extinction of races. Gervais, P., on the hairiness of the gorilla; on the mandrill. Gesture-language. Ghost-moth, sexual difference of colour in the. Giard, M., disputes descent of vertebrates from Ascidians; colour of sponges and Ascidians; musky odour of Sphinx. Gibbon, voice of. Gibbon, Hoolock, nose of. Gibbs, Sir D., on differences of the voice in different races of men. Gill, Dr., male seals larger than females; sexual differences in seals. Giraffe, its mode of using the horns; mute, except in the rutting season. Giraud-Teulon, on the cause of short sight. Glanders, communicable to man from the lower animals. Glands, odoriferous, in mammals. Glareola, double moult in. Glomeris limbata, difference of colour in the sexes of. Glow-worm, female, apterous; luminosity of the. Gnats, dances of; auditory powers of. Gnu, skeletons of, found locked together; sexual differences in colour of the. Goat, male, wild, falling on his horns; male, odour emitted by; male, wild, crest of the; Berbura, mane, dewlap, etc., of the male; Kemas, sexual difference in the colour of the.
Goats, sexual differences in the horns of; horns of; mode of fighting of; domestic, sexual differences of, late developed; beards of. Goatsucker, Virginian, pairing of the. Gobies, nidification of. God, want of the idea of, in some races of men. Godron, M., on variability; on difference of stature; on the want of connexion between climate and the colour of the skin; on the colour of the skin; on the colour of infants. Goldfinch, proportion of the sexes in the; sexual differences of the beak in the; courtship of the. Goldfinch, North American, young of. Goldfish. Gomphus, proportions of the sexes in; difference in the sexes of. Gonepteryx Rhamni, sexual difference of colour in. Goodsir, Prof., on the affinity of the lancelet to the ascidians. Goosander, young of. Goose, Antarctic, colours of the. Goose, Canada, pairing with a Bernicle gander. Goose, Chinese, knob on the beak of the. Goose, Egyptian. Goose, Sebastopol, plumage of. Goose, Snow-, whiteness of the. Goose, Spur-winged. Gorilla, semi-erect attitude of the; mastoid processes of the; protecting himself from rain with his hands; manner of sitting; supposed to be a kind of mandrill; polygamy of the; voice of the; cranium of; fighting of male. Gosse, P.H., on the pugnacity of the male Humming-bird. Gosse, M., on the inheritance of artificial modifications of the skull. Gould, B.A., on variation in the length of the legs in man; measurements of American soldiers; on the proportions of the body and capacity of the lungs in different races of men; on the inferior vitality of mulattoes.
Gould, J., on migration of swifts; on the arrival of male snipes before the females; on the numerical proportion of the sexes in birds; on Neomorpha Grypus; on the species of Eustephanus; on the Australian musk-duck; on the relative size of the sexes in Briziura lobata and Cincloramphus cruralis; on Lobivanellus lobatus; on habits of Menura Alberti; on the rarity of song in brilliant birds; on Selasphorus platycerus; on the Bower-birds; on the ornamental plumage of the Humming-birds; on the moulting of the ptarmigan; on the display of plumage by the male Humming-birds; on the shyness of adorned male birds; on the decoration of the bowers of Bower-birds; on the decoration of their nest by Humming-birds; on variation in the genus Cynanthus; on the colour of the thighs in a male parrakeet; on Urosticte Benjamini; on the nidification of the Orioles; on obscurely-coloured birds building concealed nests; on trogons and king-fishers; on Australian parrots; on Australian pigeons; on the moulting of the ptarmigan; on the immature plumage of birds; on the Australian species of Turnix; on the young of Aithurus polytmus; on the colours of the bills of toucans; on the relative size of the sexes in the marsupials of Australia; on the colours of the Marsupials. Goureaux, on the stridulation of Mutilla europaea. Gout, sexually transmitted. Graba, on the Pied Ravens of the Feroe Islands; variety of the Guillemot.
Gradation of secondary sexual characters in birds. Grallatores, absence of secondary sexual characters in; double moult in some. Grallina, nidification of. Grasshoppers, stridulation of the. Gratiolet, Prof., on the anthropomorphous apes; on the evolution of the anthropomorphous apes; on the difference in the development of the brains of apes and of man. Gray, Asa, on the gradation of species among the Compositae. Gray, J.E., on the caudal vertebrae of monkeys; on the presence of rudiments of horns in the female of Cervulus moschatus; on the horns of goats and sheep; on crests of male antelopes; on the beard of the ibex; on the Berbura goat; on sexual differences in the coloration of Rodents; ornaments of male sloth; on the colours of the Elands; on the Sing-sing antelope; on the colours of goats; on Lemur Macaco; on the hog-deer. “Greatest happiness principle.” Greeks, ancient. Green, A.H., on beavers fighting; on the voice of the beaver. Greenfinch, selected by a female canary. Greg, W.R., on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations; on the early marriages of the poor; on the Ancient Greeks. Grenadiers, Prussian. Greyhounds, numerical proportion of the sexes in; numerical proportion of male and female births in. Grouse, red, monogamous; pugnacity of young male; producing a sound by beating their wings together; duration of courtship of; colours and nidification of.
Gruber, Dr., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man; on division of malar bone; stridulation of locust; on ephippiger. Grus americanus, age of mature plumage in; breeding in immature plumage. Grus virgo, trachea of. Gryllus campestris, pugnacity of male. Gryllus domesticus. Grypus, sexual differences in the beak in. Guanacoes, battles of; canine teeth of. Guanas, strife for women among the; polyandry among the. Guanche skeletons, occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of. Guaranys, proportion of men and women among; colour of new-born children of the; beards of the. Guenee, A., on the sexes of Hyperythra. Guilding, L., on the stridulation of the Locustidae. Guillemot, variety of the. Guinea, sheep of, with males only horned. Guinea-fowl, monogamous; occasional polygamy of the; markings of the. Guinea-pigs, inheritance of the effects of operations by. Gulls, seasonal change of plumage in; white. Gunther, Dr., on paddle of Ceradotus; on hermaphroditism in Serranus; on male fishes hatching ova in their mouths; on mistaking infertile female fishes for males; on the prehensile organs of male Plagiostomous fishes; spines and brushes on fishes; on the pugnacity of the male salmon and trout; on the relative size of the sexes in fishes; on sexual differences in fishes; on the genus Callionymus; on a protective resemblance of a pipe-fish; on the genus Solenostoma; on the coloration of frogs and toads; combat of Testudo elegans; on the sexual differences in the Ophidia; on differences of the sexes of lizards.
Gynanisa Isis, ocellated spots of. Gypsies, uniformity of, in various parts of the world. Habits, bad, facilitated by familiarity; variability of the force of. Haeckel, E., on the origin of man; on rudimentary characters; on death caused by inflammation of the vermiform appendage; on the canine teeth in man; on the steps by which man became a biped; on man as a member of the Catarrhine group; on the position of the Lemuridae; on the genealogy of the Mammalia; on the lancelet; on the transparency of pelagic animals; on the musical powers of women. Hagen, H., and Walsh, B.D., on American Neuroptera. Hair, development of, in man; character of, supposed to be determined by light and heat; distribution of, in man; possibly removed for ornamental purposes; arrangement and direction of; of the early progenitors of man; different texture of, in distinct races; and skin, correlation of colour of; development of, in mammals; management of, among different peoples; great length of, in some North American tribes; elongation of the, on the human head; possible inherited effect of plucking out. Hairiness, difference of, in the sexes in man; variation of, in races of men. Hairs and excretory pores, numerical relation of, in sheep. Hairy family, Siamese. Halbertsma, Prof., hermaphroditism in Serranus. Hamadryas baboon, turning over stones; mane of the male. Hamilton, C., on the cruelty of the Kaffirs to animals; on the engrossment of the women by the Kaffir chiefs.
Ideas discussed in this chapter
Text from Project Gutenberg, public domain in the United States.