The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection · Charles Darwin
Conclusion, general, 421.
Conditions, slight changes in, favourable to fertility, 251. Convergence of genera, 100. Coot, 142. Cope, Prof., on the acceleration or retardation of the period of reproduction, 149. Coral-islands, seeds drifted to, 326. —, reefs, indicating movements of earth, 326. Corn-crake, 143. Correlated variation in domestic productions, 9. Coryanthes, 154. Creation, single centres of, 320. Crinum, 238. Croll, Mr., on subaërial denudation, 267, 269. —, on the age of our oldest formations, 286. —, on alternate Glacial periods in the North and South, 336. Crosses, reciprocal, 244. Crossing of domestic animals, importance in altering breeds, 15. —, advantages of, 76, 77. —, unfavourable to selection, 80. Crüger, Dr., on Coryanthes, 154. Crustacea of New Zealand, 338. Crustacean, blind, 110. air-breathers, 152. Crustaceans, their chelæ, 193. Cryptocerus, 231. Ctenomys, blind, 110. Cuckoo, instinct of, 205, 212. Cunningham, Mr., on the flight of the logger-headed duck, 108. Currants, grafts of, 246. Currents of sea, rate of, 325. Cuvier on conditions of existence, 205. —, on fossil monkeys, 283, 284. Cuvier, Fred., on instinct, 205. Cyclostoma, resisting salt water, 353. Dana, Prof., on blind cave-animals, 111. —, on relations of crustaceans of Japan, 334. —, on crustaceans of New Zealand, 338. Dawson, Dr., on eozoon, 287. De Candolle, Aug. Pyr., on struggle for existence, 49. —, on umbelliferæ, 116. —, on general affinities, 379.
De Candolle, Alph., on the variability of oaks, 40. —, on low plants, widely dispersed, 359. —, on widely-ranging plants being variable, 43. —, on naturalisation, 89. —, on winged seeds, 117. —, on Alpine species suddenly becoming rare, 135. —, on distribution of plants with large seeds, 326. —, on vegetation of Australia, 340. —, on fresh-water plants, 345. —, on insular plants, 347. Degradation of rocks, 266. Denudation, rate of, 268. —, of oldest rocks, 287. —, of granitic areas, 274. Development of ancient forms, 307. Devonian system, 305. Dianthus, fertility of crosses, 243. Dimorphism in plants, 35, 252. Dirt on feet of birds, 328. Dispersal, means of, 323. —, during Glacial period, 330. Distribution, geographical, 316. —, means of, 323. Disuse, effect of, under nature, 108. Diversification of means for same general purpose, 153. Division, physiological, of labour, 89. Divergence of character, 86. Dog, resemblance of jaw to that of the Thylacinus, 374. Dogs, hairless, with imperfect teeth, 9. —, descended from several wild stocks, 15. —, domestic instincts of, 210. —, inherited civilisation of, 210. —, fertility of breeds together, 241. —, of crosses, 256. —, proportions of body in different breeds, when young, 392. Domestication, variation under, 5. Double flowers, 230. Downing, Mr., on fruit-trees in America, 66. Dragon-flies, intestines of, 147. Drift-timber, 326. Driver-ant, 232.
Drones killed by other bees, 164. Duck, domestic, wings of, reduced, 8. —, beak of, 183. —, logger-headed, 140. Duckweed, 344. Dugong, affinities of, 365. Dung-beetles with deficient tarsi, 108. Dyticus, 345. Earl, Mr., W., on the Malay Archipelago, 351. Ears, drooping, in domestic animals, 8. —, rudimentary, 400. Earth, seeds in roots of trees, 326. —, charged with seeds, 328. Echinodermata, their pedicellariæ, 191. Eciton, 230. Economy of organisation, 117. Edentata, teeth and hair, 115. —, fossil species of, 417. Edwards, Milne, on physiological division of labour, 89. —, on gradations of structure, 156. Edwards, on embryological characters, 368. Eggs, young birds escaping from, 68. Egypt, productions of, not modified, 169. Electric organs, 150. Elephant, rate of increase, 51. —, of Glacial period, 113. Embryology, 386. Eozoon Canadense, 287. Epilipsy inherited, 108. Existence, struggle for, 48. —, condition of, 167. Extinction, as bearing on natural selection, 96. —, of domestic varieties, 93. —, , 293. Eye, structure of, 144. —, correction for aberration, 163. Eyes, reduced, in moles, 110. Fabre, M., on hymenoptera fighting, 69. —, on parasitic sphex, 216. —, on Sitaris, 394. Falconer, Dr., on naturalisation of plants in India, 51. —, on elephants and mastodons, 306. —, and Cautley on mammals of sub-Himalayan beds, 311. Falkland Islands, wolf of, 351. Faults, 268. Faunas, marine, 317. Fear, instinctive, in birds, 211.
Feet of birds, young molluscs adhering to, 345. Fertilisation variously effected, 154, 161. Fertility of hybrids, 238. —, from slight changes in conditions, 252. —, of crossed varieties, 255. Fir-trees destroyed by cattle, 56. —, pollen of, 164. Fish, flying, 140. —, teleostean, sudden appearance of, 285. —, eating seeds, 327, 346. —, fresh-water, distribution of, 343. Fishes, ganoid, now confined to fresh water, 83. —, electric organs of, 150. —, ganoid, living in fresh water, 296. —, of southern hemisphere, 338. Flat-fish, their structure, 186. Flight, powers of, how acquired, 140. Flint-tools, proving antiquity of man, 13. Flower, Prof., on the larynx, 190. —, on Halitherium, 302. —, on the resemblance between the jaws of the dog and Thylacinus, 375. —, on the homology of the feet of certain marsupials, 382. Flowers, structure of in relation to crossing, 73. —, of compositæ and umbelliferæ, 116, 173. —, beauty of, 161. —, double, 230. Flysch formation, destitute of organic remains, 271. Forbes, Mr. D., on glacial action in the Andes, 335. Forbes, E., on colours of shells, 107. —, on abrupt range of shells in depth, 135. —, on poorness of palæontological collections, 270. —, on continuous succession of genera, 293. —, on continental extensions, 323. —, on distribution during Glacial period, 330. —, on parallelism in time and space, 361.
Forests, changes in, in America, 58. Formation, Devonian, 305. —, Cambrian, 287. Formations, thickness of, in Britain, 268. —, intermittent, 277. Formica rufescens, 216. —, sanguinea, 217. —, flava, neuter of, 231. Forms, lowly organised, long enduring, 99. Frena, ovigerous, of cirripedes, 148. Fresh-water productions, dispersal of, 343. Fries on species in large genera being closely allied to other species, 45. Frigate-bird, 142. Frogs on islands, 350. Fruit-trees, gradual improvement of, 27. —, in United States, 66. —, varieties of, acclimatised in United States, 114. Fuci, crossed, 249, 343. Fur, thicker in cold climates, 107. Furze, 388. Galapagos Archipelago, birds of, 348. —, productions of, 353, 355. Galaxias, its wide range, 343. Galeopithecus, 139. Game, increase of, checked by vermin, 55. Gärtner on sterility of hybrids, 237, 241. —, on reciprocal crosses, 243. —, on crossed maize and verbascum, 257, 258. —, on comparison of hybrids and mongrels, 259, 260. Gaudry, Prof., on intermediate genera of fossil mammals in Attica, 301. Geese, fertility when crossed, 307. —, upland, 142. Geikie, Mr., on subaërial denudation, 267. Genealogy, important in classification, 369. Generations, alternate, 387. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, on balancement, 117. —, on homologous organs, 382. —, , Isidore, on variability of repeated parts, 118. —, on correlation, in monstrosities, 9. —, on correlation, 115. —, on variable parts being often monstrous, 122.
Geographical distribution, 316. Geography, ancient, 427. Geology, future progress of, 427. —, imperfection of the record, 427. Gervais, Prof., on Typotherium, 302. Giraffe, tail of, 157. —, structure of, 177. Glacial period, 330. —, affecting the North and South, 335. Glands, mammary, 189. Gmelin, on distribution, 330. Godwin-Austin, Mr., on the Malay Archipelago, 280. Goethe, on compensation of growth, 117. Gomphia, 174. Gooseberry, grafts of, 246. Gould, Dr. Aug. A., on land-shells, 353. Gould, Mr., on colours of birds, 107. —, on instincts of cuckoo, 214. —, on distribution of genera of birds, 358. Gourds, crossed, 258. Graba, on the Uria lacrymans, 72. Grafting, capacity of, 245, 246. Granite, areas of denuded, 274. Grasses, varieties of, 88. Gray, Dr. Asa, on the variability of oaks, 40. —, on man not causing variability, 62. —, on sexes of the holly, 74. —, on trees of the United States, 79. —, on naturalised plants in the United States, 89. —, on æstivation, 174. —, on Alpine plants, 330. —, on rarity of intermediate varieties, 136. Gray, Dr. J.E., on striped mule, 128. Grebe, 142. Grimm, on asexual reproduction, 387. Groups, aberrant, 378. Grouse, colours of, 66. —, red, a doubtful species, 38. Growth, compensation of, 117. Günther, Dr., on flat-fish, 187. —, on prehensile tails, 189. —, on the fishes of Panama, 317. —, on the range of fresh-water fishes, 343. —, on the limbs of Lepidosiren, 399.
Haast, Dr., on glaciers of New Zealand, 335. Habit, effect of, under domestication, 8. —, effect of, under nature, 108. —, diversified, of same species, 141. Häckel, Prof., on classification and the lines of descent, 381. Hair and teeth, correlated, 115. Halitherium, 302. Harcourt, Mr. E.V., on the birds of Madeira, 348. Hartung, M., on boulders in the Azores, 328. Hazel-nuts, 325. Hearne, on habits of bears, 141. Heath, changes in vegetation, 55. Hector, Dr., on glaciers of New Zealand, 335. Heer, Oswald, on ancient cultivated plants, 13. —, on plants of Madeira, 83. Helianthemum, 174. Helix, resisting salt water, 353. Helix pomatia, 353. Helmholtz, M., on the imperfection of the human eye, 163. Helosciadium, 325. Hemionus, striped, 128. Hensen, Dr., on the eyes of Cephalopods, 152. Herbert, W., on struggle for existence, 49. —, on sterility of hybrids, 238. Hermaphrodites crossing, 76. Heron eating seed, 346. Heron, Sir R., on peacocks, 70. Heusinger, on white animals poisoned by certain plants, 9. Hewitt, Mr., on sterility of first crosses, 249. Hildebrand, Prof., on the self-sterility of Corydalis, 238. Hilgendorf, on intermediate varieties, 275. Himalaya, glaciers of, 335. —, plants of, 337. Hippeastrum, 238. Hippocampus, 189. Hofmeister, Prof., on the movements of plants, 197. Holly-trees, sexes of, 73.
Hooker, Dr., on trees of New Zealand, 78. —, on acclimatisation of Himalayan trees, 112. —, on flowers of umbelliferæ, 116. —, on the position of ovules, 172. —, on glaciers of Himalaya, 335. —, on algæ of New Zealand, 338. —, on vegetation at the base of the Himalaya, 338. —, on plants of Tierra del Fuego, 336. —, on Australian plants, 337, 355. —, on relations of flora of America, 340. —, on flora of the Antarctic lands, 341, 354. —, on the plants of the Galapagos, 349, 354. —, on glaciers of the Lebanon, 335. —, on man not causing variability, 62. —, on plants of mountains of Fernando Po, 337. Hooks on palms, 158. —, on seeds, on islands, 349. Hopkins, Mr., on denudation, 274. Hornbill, remarkable instinct of, 234. Horns, rudimentary, 400. Horse, fossil in La Plata, 294. —, proportions of, when young, 392. Horses destroyed by flies in Paraguay, 56. —, striped, 128. Horticulturists, selection applied by, 23. Huber on cells of bees, 224. Huber, P., on reason blended with instinct, 205. —, on habitual nature of instincts, 206. —, on slave-making ants, 216. —, on Melipona domestica, 220. Hudson, Mr., on the Ground-woodpecker of La Plata, 142. —, on the Molothrus, 215. Humble-bees, cells of, 221. Hunter, J., on secondary sexual characters, 119.
Hutton, Captain, on crossed geese, 240. Huxley, Prof., on structure of hermaphrodites, 79. —, on the affinities of the Sirenia, 302. —, on forms connecting birds and reptiles, 302. —, on homologous organs, 386. —, on the development of aphis, 390. Hybrids and mongrels compared, 259. Hybridism, 235. Hydra, structure of, 147. Hymenoptera, fighting, 69. Hymenopterous insect, diving, 142. Hyoseris, 173. Ibla, 118. Icebergs transporting seeds, 329. Increase, rate of, 50. Individuals, numbers favourable to selection, 80. —, many, whether simultaneously created, 322. Inheritance, laws of, 10. —, at corresponding ages, 10, 67. Insects, colour of, fitted for their stations, 66. —, sea-side, colours of, 107. —, blind, in caves, 110. —, luminous, 151. —, their resemblance to various objects, 181. —, neuter, 2320. Instinct, 205. —, , not varying simultaneously with structure, 229. Instincts, domestic, 209. Intercrossing, advantages of, 76, 251. Islands, oceanic, 347. Isolation favourable to selection, 81. Japan, productions of, 334. Java, plants of, 337. Jones, Mr. J.M., on the birds of Bermuda, 348. Jordain, M., on the eye-spots of star fishes, 144. Jukes, Prof., on subaërial denudation, 267. Jussieu on classification, 367. Kentucky, caves of, 111. Kerguelen-land, flora of, 341, 354. Kidney-bean, acclimatisation of, 114. Kidneys of birds, 115. Kirby, on tarsi deficient in beetles, 108. Knight, Andrew, on cause of variation, 5. Kölreuter, on intercrossing, 76. —, on the barberry, 77. —, on sterility of hybrids, 237. —, on reciprocal crosses, 243. —, on crossed varieties of nicotiana, 258. —, on crossing male and hermaphrodite flowers, 397.
Lamarck, on adaptive characters, 373. Lancelet, 99. —, , eyes of, 145. Landois, on the development of the wings of insects, 148. Land-shells, distribution of, 353. —, of Madeira, naturalised, 357. —, resisting salt water, 353. Languages, classification of, 371. Lankester, Mr. E. Ray, on longevity, 169. —, on homologies, 385. Lapse, great, of time, 266. Larvæ, 388, 389. Laurel, nectar secreted by the leaves, 73. Laurentian formation, 287. Laws of variation, 106. Leech, varieties of, 59. Leguminosæ, nectar secreted by glands, 73. Leibnitz’ attack on Newton, 421. Lepidosiren, 83, 303. —, , limbs in a nascent condition, 398, 399. Lewes, Mr. G.H., on species not having changed in Egypt, 169. —, on the Salamandra atra, 397. —, on many forms of life having been at first evolved, 425. Life, struggle for, 49. Lingula, Silurian, 286. Linnæus, aphorism of, 365. Lion, mane of, 69. —, young of, striped, 388. Lobelia fulgens, 57, 77. Lobelia, sterility of crosses, 238. Lockwood, Mr., on the ova of the Hippocampus, 189. Locusts transporting seeds, 327. Logan, Sir W., on Laurentian formation, 287. Lowe, Rev. R.T., on locusts visiting Madeira, 327. Lowness, of structure connected with variability, 118. —, related to wide distribution, 359. Lubbock, Sir J., on the nerves of coccus, 35. —, on secondary sexual characters, 124. —, on a diving hymenopterous insect, 142. —, on affinities, 280. —, on metamorphoses, 386, 389.
Lucas, Dr. P., on inheritance, 9. —, on resemblance of child to parent, 261. Lund and Clausen, on fossils of Brazil, 310. Lyell, Sir C., on the struggle for existence, 49. —, on modern changes of the earth, 75. —, on terrestrial animals not having been developed on islands, 180. —, on a carboniferous land-shell, 271. —, on strata beneath Silurian system, 287. —, on the imperfection of the geological record, 289. —, on the appearance of species, 289. —, on Barrande’s colonies, 291. —, on tertiary formations of Europe and North America, 298. —, on parallelism of tertiary formations, 301. —, on transport of seeds by icebergs, 328. —, on great alternations of climate, 342. —, on the distribution of fresh-water shells, 345. —, on land-shells of Madeira, 357. Lyell and Dawson, on fossilized trees in Nova Scotia, 278. Lythrum salicaria, trimorphic, 254. Macleay, on analogical characters, 373. Macrauchenia, 302. McDonnell, Dr., on electric organs, 150. Madeira, plants of, 83. —, beetles of, wingless, 109. —, fossil land-shells of, 311. —, birds of, 348. Magpie tame in Norway, 209. Males, fighting, 69. Maize, crossed, 257. Malay Archipelago, compared with Europe, 280. —, mammals of, 352. Malm, on flat-fish, 186. Malpighiaceæ, small imperfect flowers of, 173. Malpighiaceæ, 367. Mammæ, their development, 189. —, rudimentary, 397. Mammals, fossil, in secondary formation, 283. —, insular, 351.
Man, origin of, 428. Manatee, rudimentary nails of, 400. Marsupials of Australia, 90. —, , fossil species of, 382. —, , structure of their feet, 310. Martens, M., experiment on seeds, 325. Martin, Mr. W.C., on striped mules, 129. Masters, Dr., on Saponaria, 174. Matteucci, on the electric organs of rays, 150. Matthiola, reciprocal crosses of, 244. Maurandia, 197. Means of dispersal, 323. Melipona domestica, 220. Merrill, Dr., on the American cuckoo, 212. Metamorphism of oldest rocks, 287. Mice destroying bees, 56. —, acclimatisation of, 113. —, tails of, 189. Miller, Prof., on the cells of bees, 221, 224. Mirabilis, crosses of, 243. Missel-thrush, 59. Mistletoe, complex relations of, 2. Mivart, Mr., on the relation of hair and teeth, 115. —, on the eyes of cephalopods, 151. —, various objections to Natural Selection, 174. —, on abrupt modifications, 201. —, on the resemblance of the mouse and antechinus, 373. Mocking-thrush of the Galapagos, 357. Modification of species, not abrupt, 424. Moles, blind, 110. Molothrus, habits of, 215. Mongrels, fertility and sterility of, 255. —, and hybrids compared, 259. Monkeys, fossil, 284, 285. Monachanthus, 372. Mons, Van, on the origin of fruit-trees, 21. Monstrosities, 33. Moquin-Tandon, on sea-side plants, 107. Morphology, 382. Morren, on the leaves of Oxalis, 197. Moths, hybrid, 240. Mozart, musical powers of, 206. Mud, seeds in, 345.
Mules, striped, 129. Müller, Adolph, on the instincts of the cuckoo, 213. Müller, Dr. Ferdinand, on Alpine Australian plants, 337. Müller, Fritz, on dimorphic crustaceans, 35, 233. —, on the lancelet, 99. —, on air-breathing crustaceans, 152. —, on climbing plants, 197. —, on the self-sterility of orchids, 238. —, on embryology in relation to classification, 368. —, on the metamorphoses of crustaceans, 390, 395. —, on terrestrial and fresh-water organisms not undergoing any metamorphosis, 394. Multiplication of species not indefinite, 101. Murchison, Sir, R., on the formations of Russia, 272. —, on azoic formations, 286. —, on extinction, 293. Murie, Dr., on the modification of the skull in old age, 149. Murray, Mr. A., on cave-insects, 111. Mustela vison, 138. Myanthus, 372. Myrmecocystus, 231. Myrmica, eyes of, 232. Nägeli, on morphological characters, 170. Nails, rudimentary, 400. Nathusius, Von, on pigs, 159. Natural history, future progress of, 426. —, selection, 62. —, system, 364. Naturalisation of forms distinct from the indigenous species, 89. —, in New Zealand, 163. Naudin, on analagous variations in gourds, 125. —, on hybrid gourds, 258. —, on reversion, 260. Nautilus, Silurian, 286. Nectar of plants, 73. Nectaries, how formed, 73. Nelumbium luteum, 346. Nests, variation in, 208, 228, 234. Neuter insects, 230, 231. New Zealand, productions of, not perfect, 163. —, naturalised products of, 309. —, fossil birds of, 310. —, glaciers of, 335. —, crustaceans of, 338. —, algæ of, 338. —, flora of, 354. —, number of plants of, 374.
Newman, Col., on humble-bees, 57. Newton, Prof., on earth attached to a partridge’s foot, 328. Newton, Sir I., attacked for irreligion, 421. Nicotiana, crossed varieties of, 258. —, certain species very sterile, 243. Nitsche, Dr., on the Polyzoa, 193. Noble, Mr., on fertility of Rhododendron, 239. Nodules, phosphatic, in azoic rocks, 287. Oaks, variability of, 40. Œnonis, small imperfect flowers of, 173. Onites apelles, 108. Orchids, fertilisation of, 154. —, the development of their flowers, 195. —, forms of, 372. Orchis, pollen of, 151. Organisation, tendency to advance, 97. Organs of extreme perfection, 143. —, electric, of fishes, 150. —, of little importance, 156. —, homologous, 382. —, rudiments of, and nascent, 397. Ornithorhynchus, 83, 367. —, mammæ of, 190. Ostrich not capable of flight, 180. —, habit of laying eggs together, 215. —, American, two species of, 318. Otter, habits of, how acquired, 138. Ouzel, water, 142. Owen, Prof., on birds not flying, 108. —, on vegetative repetition, 118. —, on variability of unusually developed parts, 119. —, on the eyes of fishes, 145. —, on the swim-bladder of fishes, 148. —, on fossil horse of La Plata, 294. —, on generalised form, 301. —, on relation of ruminants and pachyderms, 303. —, on fossil birds of New Zealand, 310. —, on succession of types, 310. —, on affinities of the dugong, 365. —, on homologous organs, 383. —, on the metamorphosis of cephalopods, 390.
Pacific Ocean, faunas of, 317. Pacini, on electric organs, 151. Paley, on no organ formed to give pain, 163. Pallas, on the fertility of the domesticated descendants of wild stocks, 241. Palm with hooks, 158. Papaver bracteatum, 174. Paraguay, cattle destroyed by flies, 56. Parasites, 215. Partridge, with ball of dirt attached to foot, 328. Parts greatly developed, variable, 119. Parus major, 141. Passiflora, 238. Peaches in United States, 66. Pear, grafts of, 246. Pedicellariæ, 191. Pelargonium, flowers of, 166. —, sterility of, 239. Peloria, 116. Pelvis of women, 115. Period, glacial, 330. Petrels, habits of, 142. Phasianus, fertility of hybrids, 240. Pheasant, young, wild, 211. Pictet, Prof., on groups of species suddenly appearing, 282. —, on rate of organic change, 291. —, on continuous succession of genera, 293. —, on change in latest tertiary forms, 278. —, on close alliance of fossils in consecutive formations, 306. —, on early transitional links, 283. Pierce, Mr., on varieties of wolves, 71. Pigeons with feathered feet and skin between toes, 9. —, breeds described, and origin of, 15. —, breeds of, how produced, 28, 30. —, tumbler, not being able to get out of egg, 68. —, reverting to blue colour, 127. —, instinct of tumbling, 210. —, young of, 392. Pigs, black, not affected by the paint-root, 9. —, modified by want of exercise, 159.
Pistil, rudimentary, 397. Plants, poisonous, not affecting certain coloured animals, 9. —, selection, applied to, 27. —, gradual improvement of, 27. —, not improved in barbarous countries, 27. —, dimorphic, 35, 253. —, destroyed by insects, 53. —, in midst of range, have to struggle with other plants, 60. —, nectar of, 73. —, fleshy, on sea-shores, 107. —, climbing, 147, 196. —, fresh-water, distribution of, 345. —, low in scale, widely distributed, 359. Pleuronectidæ, their structure, 186. Plumage, laws of change in sexes of birds, 70. Plums in the United States, 66. Pointer dog, origin of, 25. —, habits of, 210. Poison not affecting certain coloured animals, 9. Poison, similar effect of, on animals and plants, 425. Pollen of fir-trees, 164. —, transported by various means, 154, 161. Pollinia, their development, 195. Polyzoa, their avicularia, 193. Poole, Col., on striped hemionus, 128. Potemogeton, 346. Pouchet, on the colours of flat-fish, 188. Prestwich, Mr., on English and French eocene formations, 300. Proctotrupes, 142. Proteolepas, 118. Proteus, 112. Psychology, future progress of, 428. Pyrgoma, found in the chalk, 284. Quagga, striped, 129. Quatrefages, M., on hybrid moths, 240. Quercus, variability of, 40. Quince, grafts of, 246. Rabbit, disposition of young, 211. Races, domestic, characters of, 12. Race-horses, Arab, 26. —, English, 323. Radcliffe, Dr., the electrical organs of the torpedo, 150.
Ramond, on plants of Pyrenees, 331. Ramsay, Prof., on subaërial denudation, 267. —, on thickness of the British formations, 268, 269. —, on faults, . Ramsay, Mr., on instincts of cuckoo, 213. Ratio of increase, 50. Rats, supplanting each other, 59. —, acclimatisation of, 113. —, blind, in cave, 110. Rattle-snake, 162. Reason and instinct, 205. Recapitulation, general, 404. Reciprocity of crosses, 243. Record, geological, imperfect, 264. Rengger, on flies destroying cattle, 56. Reproduction, rate of, 50. Resemblance, protective, of insects, 181. —, to parents in mongrels and hybrids, 260. Reversion, law of inheritance, 11. —, in pigeons, to blue colour, 127. Rhododendron, sterility of, 239. Richard, Prof., on Aspicarpa, 367. Richardson, Sir J., on structure of squirrels, 139. —, on fishes of the southern hemisphere, 338. Robinia, grafts of, 246. Rodents, blind, 110. Rogers, Prof., Map of N. America, 274. Rudimentary organs, 397. Rudiments important for classification, 367. Rütimeyer, on Indian cattle, 14, 241. Sageret, on grafts, 246. Salamandra atra, 397. Saliva used in nests, 228. Salmons, males fighting, and hooked jaws of, 69. Salt-water, how far injurious to seeds, 325. —, not destructive to land-shells, 353. Salter, Mr., on early death of hybrid embryos, 249. Salvin, Mr., on the beaks of ducks, 184. Saurophagus sulphuratus, 141. Schacht, Prof., on Phyllotaxy, 173. Schiödte, on blind insects, 110. —, on flat-fish, 186.
Schlegel, on snakes, 115. Schöbl, Dr., on the ears of mice, 172. Scott, Mr. J., on the self-sterility of orchids, 238. —, on the crossing of varieties of verbascum, 258. Sea-water, how far injurious to seeds, 325. —, not destructive to land-shells, 325. Sebright, Sir J., on crossed animals, 15. Sedgwick, Prof., on groups of species suddenly appearing, 282. Seedlings destroyed by insects, 53. Seeds, nutriment in, 60. —, winged, 117. —, means of dissemination, 154, 161, 327, 328. —, power of resisting salt-water, 325. —, in crops and intestines of birds, 326, 327. —, eaten by fish, 327, 346. —, in mud, 345. —, hooked, on islands, 349. Selection of domestic products, 22. —, principle not of recent origin, 27. —, unconscious, 27. —, natural, 62. —, sexual, 69. —, objections to term, 63. —, natural, has not induced sterility, 247. Sexes, relations of, 69. Sexual characters variable, 123. —, selection, 69. Sheep, Merino, their selection, 23. —, two sub-breeds, unintentionally produced, 26. —, mountain, varieties of, 59. Shells, colours of, 107. —, hinges of, 154. —, littoral, seldom embedded, 270. —, fresh-water, long retain the same forms, 308. —, fresh-water, dispersal of, 344. —, of Madeira, 349. —, land, distribution of, 349. —, land, resisting salt water, 325. Shrew-mouse, 373. Silene, infertility of crosses, 243. Silliman, Prof., on blind rat, 110.
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