The Sayings of Confucius · Confucius

INDEX

_The Index has been reprinted with few changes from the first edition, whilst the book itself has been revised. There are therefore slight differences here and there between the two._ (Aspirated and unaspirated letters have been treated as different letters. The aspirated letter follows immediately the unaspirated; e.g. _t'a_ comes after _tung_.) _Ai_, Duke of Lu, name Chiang, reigned 494-68 B.C.; ii. 19, asks how to make his people loyal; iii. 21, asks Tsai Wo about the shrines to guardian spirits; vi. 2, asks which disciples are fond of learning; xii. 9, asks what to do in this year of dearth; xiv. 22, does not avenge the murder of Duke of Ch'i. _Ao_, xiv. 6, a man of the Hsia dynasty famous for his strength. _Chang_, xix. 15, 16 = Tzu-chang, whom see. _Chao_, vi. 14, Prince of Sung, his beauty. _Chao_, Duke of Lu, reigned 541-10 B.C.; vii. 30 (and note), the Master deems him well bred. _Chao_, one of the great families that governed the state of Chin; xiv. 12, Meng Kung-ch'o, fit to be steward of. _Chao-nan_, xvii. 10, the first book of the _Book of Poetry_, a collection of old Chinese songs. _Cheng_, a state of ancient China; xv. 10, its wanton music; xvii. 18, its strains confound sweet music. _Chi_, or _Chi-sun_, one of the three great houses of Lu, who had grasped all power in the state. The others were Meng-sun and Shu-sun. They were all descended from Duke Huan by a concubine.

_Chi_, the Chi, head of the Chi clan, first Chi Huan and then Chi K'ang; iii. 1, had eight rows of dancers in his hall; iii. 6, worshipped on Mount T'ai; vi. 7, wishes to make Min Tzu-ch'ien governor of Pi; xi. 16, richer than the Duke of Chou; xiii. 2, Chung-kung is his steward; xvi. 1, is about to chastise Chuan-yü; xviii. 3, Ching, Duke of Ch'i, would set him above Confucius. _Chi_, xiv. 6 = Hou Chi, director of husbandry under the Emperor Yao, and ancestor of the Chou dynasty. _Chi_, iii. 9, a small state. _Chi_, xviii. 1, another small state. Lord of Chi: an uncle of the tyrant Chou, last of the Yin dynasty. He was imprisoned for chiding the emperor, and to escape death feigned madness. _Chi Huan_, head of the Chi clan + 491 B.C.; xviii. 4, accepts singing girls from Ch'i. _Chi-kua_, xviii. 11, an officer of Chou. _Chi K'ang_, of the great house of Chi of Lu, succeeded Chi Huan as chief, 491 B.C. (_see_ note to xii. 17); ii. 20, told how to make the people respectful, faithful, and willing; vi. 6, asks whether certain disciples were fit for power; x. 11, presents the Master with medicine; xi. 6, asks which disciples were fond of learning; xii. 17, asks how to rule; xii. 18, is vexed by robbers; xii. 19, asks whether we should kill the bad; xiv. 20, asks how Duke Ling escapes ruin.

_Chi-lu_, another name for Tzu-lu. _Chi-sui_, xviii. 11, an officer of Chou. _Chi-sun_, xiv. 38, or Chi (which see), probably Chi Huan, the head of the house. _Chi Tzu-ch'eng_, xii. 8, a lord of Wei, says, A gentleman is all nature. _Chi Tzu-jan_, younger brother of Chi Huan; xi. 23, asks whether Yu and Ch'iu are statesmen. _Chi Wen_, v. 19, a lord of Lu, thought thrice before acting. _Chieh-ni_, xviii. 6, says the world is a seething torrent. _Chieh-yü_, xviii. 5, a famous man of Ch'u, who, disapproving of his king's conduct, supported himself by husbandry, and feigned madness in order to escape being forced into the king's service. _Chien_, xiv. 22, Duke of Ch'i, murdered by Ch'en Ch'eng 481 B.C. _Chih_, music-master of Lu; viii. 15, how grand was the ending of the Kuan-chü in his day; xviii. 9, went to Ch'i. _Chin_, xiv. 16, an ancient state. Duke Wen of Chin was deep but dishonest. _Ching_, Duke of Ch'i. Confucius was in Ch'i in 517 B.C.; xii. 11, asks what is kingcraft; xvi. 12, had a thousand teams of horses, but no man praised him; xviii. 3, would set Confucius between the Chi and the Meng. _Ching_, xiii. 8, of ducal house of Wei, was wise in his private life. _Chiu_, brother of Duke Huan of Ch'i; xiv. 17, 18, slain by his brother.

_Chou_, the reigning dynasty in Confucius's time, ii. 23, iii. 14, iii. 21, xv. 10, xviii. 11. _Chou_, viii. 20 = King Wen. _Chou_, xx. 1 = King Wu. _Chou_, the Duke of, _see_ note to vii. 5; vii. 5, Confucius sees him no more in his dreams; viii. 11, his gifts, if coupled with pride and meanness, would not be worth a glance; xi. 16, the Chi richer than he; xviii. 10, his instructions to his son. _Chou_, or _Chou Hsin_ (reigned 1154-22 B.C.), the last emperor of the house of Yin, an infamous tyrant, finally overthrown by King Wu, when he perished in his burning palace; xix. 20, his wickedness was not so great. _Chou Jen_, an ancient worthy; xvi. 1, said, He that can put forth his strength.... _Chu-chang_, xviii. 8, a man who fled the world. _Chuan-yü_, a small state in Lu, tributary to Lu; xvi. 1, the Chi proposes to chastise it. _Chuang of Pien_, xiv. 13, his boldness. _Chung-hu_, xviii. 11, an officer of Chou. _Chung-kung_, a disciple of Confucius: name Jan Yung, style Chung-kung, born 523 B.C.; v. 4, said to have a glib tongue; vi. 1, might fill the seat of a prince: his views on laxity; vi. 4, likened to the red calf of a brindled cow; xi. 2, was of noble life; xii. 2, asks what is love; xiii. 2, when steward of the Chi asks how to rule.

_Chung-mou_, a town in Chin, belonging to the Chao family; xvii. 7, held by Pi Hsi in rebellion. _Chung-ni_, xix. 22, 23 = Confucius. _Chung-shu Yü_, minister of Wei, son of K'ung-wen; xiv. 20, in charge of the guests. _Chung-tu_, xviii. 11, an officer of Chou. _Chung Yu_: _see_ Tzu-lu. _Chü-fu_, xiii. 17, a town in Lu, Tzu-hsia governor of it. _Chüeh_, xviii. 9, bandmaster of Lu, went to Ch'in. _Ch'ai_, a disciple of Confucius, name Kao Ch'ai, style Tzu-kao; xi. 17, is simple; xi. 24, made governor of Pi. _Ch'ang-chü_, xviii. 6, says Confucius knows the ford. _Ch'en_, a state in China; v. 21, xi. 2, xv. 1. _Ch'en_, judge of; vii. 30, asks whether Duke Chao was well bred. _Ch'en Ch'eng_, posthumous title of Ch'en Heng, minister of Ch'i; xiv. 22, murders Duke Chien of Ch'i. _Ch'en K'ang_, xvi. 13 = Tzu-ch'in, whom see. _Ch'en Tzu-ch'in_ = Tzu-ch'in, whom see. _Ch'en Wen_, a lord of Ch'i; v. 18, forsook his land when Ts'ui murdered the king. _Ch'i_, a state in ancient China, vii. 13, xviii. 3, xviii. 9; v. 18, its king slain by Ts'ui; vi. 3, Tzu-hua sent there; vi. 22, by a single revolution might equal Lu; xiv. 16, Duke Huan of, was honest but shallow; xvi. 12, Duke Ching of, had a thousand teams of horses; xviii. 4, the men of, send singing girls to Chi Huan.

_Ch'i-tiao K'ai_, a disciple of Confucius, style Tzu-jo; v. 5, wants confidence to take office. _Ch'ih_, the name of Kung-hsi Hua, whom see. _Ch'in_, a state in western China, xviii. 9. _Ch'iu_, the name of Jan Yu, whom see; xiv. 34, the name of Confucius. _Ch'u_, an ancient state, xviii. 5, 9. _Ch'ü Po-yü_, minister of Wei, a friend of Confucius, who stayed with him when in Wei; xiv. 26, sends an envoy to Confucius; xv. 6, what a gentleman he was! _Ch'üeh_, a village; xiv. 47, a lad from, made messenger by Confucius. _Fan Ch'ih_, a disciple of Confucius, name Fan Hsü, style Tzu-ch'ih; ii. 5, asks meaning of obedience to parents; vi. 20, asks what is wisdom, and love; xii. 21, asks how to raise the mind; xii. 22, asks what is love, and wisdom; xiii. 4, asks to be taught husbandry; xiii. 19, asks what is love. _Fang_, xiv. 15, a town of Lu, a fief in the hands of Tsang Wu-chung. _Fang-shu_, xviii. 9, drum-master of Lu, crossed the river. _Han_, xviii. 9, the river that enters the Yangtze at Hankow. _Hsia_ = China, also the name of a dynasty, ii. 23, iii. 9, 21, xv. 10. _Hsiang_, xviii. 9, who played the sounding stones, crossed the sea. _Hsieh_, xiv. 12, a small state: Meng Kung-ch'o not fit to be minister of.

_Hsien_, xiv. 1: _see_ Yüan Ssu. _Hsien_, xiv. 19, steward to Kung-shu Wen; goes to court with him. _Hu_, vii. 28, a village: it was ill talking to the people of. _Huan_, the three; xvi. 3, the three sons of Duke Huan of Lu, from whom the families of Meng, Shu, and Chi were descended, as also the powerless reigning duke of Lu. _Huan_, Duke of Ch'i: _see_ note to xiv. 17; xiv. 16, was honest but shallow; xiv. 17, 18, slays the young duke Chiu. _Huan T'ui_, vii. 22, an officer of Sung, cannot harm the Master, if Heaven protect him. _Hui_: _see_ Yen Yüan. _Jan Ch'iu_: _see_ Jan Yu. _Jan Po-niu_, a disciple of Confucius, name Jan Keng, style Po-niu, born 544 B.C.; xi. 2, was of noble life. _Jan Yu_, a disciple of Confucius, name Jan Ch'in, style Tzu-yu, born 520 B.C.; iii. 6, cannot stop the Chi worshipping on Mount T'ai; v. 7, the Master cannot say that he has love; vi. 3, gives Tzu-hua's mother grain; vi. 6, has ability and so is fit to govern; vi. 10, lacks strength to follow Confucius; vii. 14, asks whether the Master is for the King of Wei; xi. 2, was a statesman; xi. 12, was fresh and frank; xi. 16, is tax-gatherer to the Chi; xi. 21, asks whether he shall do all that he is taught; xi. 23, is a tool, not a statesman; xi. 25, wishes for charge of sixty, or seventy, square miles; xiii. 9, drives the Master towards Wei; xiii. 14, says business of state detained him at court; xiv. 13, his skill; xvi. 1, is minister to the Chi, when he proposes to attack Chuan-yü.

_Ju Pei_, an officer of Lu, who had been taught by Confucius; xvii. 20, wishes to see Confucius, who pleads sickness. _Kan_, xviii. 9, music-master of Lu, went to Ch'u. _Kao-tsung_, the Emperor Wu Ting of the house of Yin, reigned 1324-1265 B.C.; xiv. 43, on the death of his predecessor did not speak for three years. _Kao-yao_, xii. 22, made criminal judge by Shun and evil vanished. _Kuan Chung_, personal name Yi-wu, chief minister to Duke Huan of Ch'i, + 645 B.C.: _see_ notes to iii. 22, xiv. 17; iii. 22, Confucius calls him shallow; xiv. 10, he thrust the Po from the town of Pien; xiv. 17, would not die with the young duke Chiu; xiv. 18, should he have drowned in a ditch? _Kung-ch'o_ xiv. 13: _see_ Meng Kung-ch'o. _Kung-hsi Hua_, a disciple of Confucius, name Kung-hsi Ch'ih, style Tzu-hua, born in Lu, 510 B.C. He was entrusted with the management of the Master's funeral; v. 7, the Master cannot say whether he has love; vi. 3, sent to Ch'i; Confucius is asked to give his mother grain; vii. 33, says the disciples cannot learn the Master's endless craving; xi. 21, is puzzled by the Master's different answers; xi. 25, would like to play an humble part in Ancestral Temple. _Kung-ming Chia_ a man of Wei; xiv. 14, says Kung-shu Wen speaks when it is time to speak.

_Kung-shan Fu-jao_, xvii. 5, a confederate of Yang Huo, held Pi in rebellion. _Kung-shu_, the name of a great family in Wei. _Kung-shu Wen_, of the above family, a minister of Wei; xiv. 14, said not to speak, or laugh, or take a gift; xiv. 19, goes to court with his ex-steward. _Kung-sun Ch'ao_, xix. 22, asks, 'Where did Confucius get his learning?' _Kung-yeh Ch'ang_, a disciple of Confucius; v. 1, married to Confucius's daughter, though he had been in prison. _K'ang_, x. 11: _see_ Chi K'ang. _K'uang_, ix. 5; xi. 22, a place where the Master was affrighted. _K'ung Ch'iu_, xviii. 6, Confucius's name in Chinese. His style was Chung-ni. _K'ung-wen_, the posthumous title of K'ung Yü, a lord of Wei; v. 14, why he was styled cultured. _Lao_, a disciple of Confucius, name Ch'in Lao, style Tzu-k'ai; ix. 6, quotes the Master's saying that he learned a trade. _Li_, xi. 7, Confucius's son: _see_ Po-yü. _Li_, xx. 1 = T'ang, whom see. _Liao_, the duke's uncle; xiv. 38, a man of Lu, slanders Tzu-lu. _Liao_, xviii. 9, bandmaster of Lu, went to Ts'ai. _Lin Fang_, iii. 4, a man of Lu, asks what gives life to ceremony; iii. 6, he and Mount T'ai. _Ling_, Duke of Wei, the husband of Nan-tzu (vi. 26), reigned 533-492 B.C.; xiv. 20, his wickedness; xv. 1, asks about the line of battle.

_Liu-hsia Hui_, flourished about 600 B.C.: _see_ note to xv. 13; xv. 13, Tsang Wen would not stand by him; xviii. 2, was thrice dismissed when judge; xviii. 8, bent his will and shamed the body. _Lu_, the native state of Confucius, iii. 23, v. 2, vi. 22, ix. 14, xi. 13, iii. 7, xiv. 15. _Lu_, Duke of, xviii. 10, the son of the Duke of Chou. _Meng_, or _Meng-sun_, one of the three great families that were all-powerful in Lu. _Meng_, xviii. 3, the head of the Meng clan, Meng Yi. _Meng_, the, xix. 19, makes Yang Fu criminal judge. _Meng Chih-fan_, vi. 13, a lord of Lu, never bragged. _Meng Ching_, son of Meng Wu, a lord of Lu; viii. 4, comes to ask after the dying Tseng-tzu. _Meng Chuang_, xix. 18, head of the Meng clan, his piety. _Meng Kung-ch'o_ head of the Meng clan, minister of Lu; xiv. 12, not fit to be minister of T'eng or Hsieh; xiv. 13, his greedlessness. _Meng Wu_, posthumous name of Meng Hsi, a lord of Lu, son of Meng Yi; ii. 6, told that his parents are concerned for his health; v. 7, asks whether certain disciples have love. _Meng Yi_, the posthumous name of Ho-chi, head of the Meng-sun, or Chung-sun, clan in Lu: a contemporary of Confucius; ii. 5, asks the duty of a son; xviii. 3, Ching, Duke of Ch'i, would set him below Confucius.

_Mien_, xv. 41, a blind music-master of Lu, comes to see Confucius. _Min Tzu-ch'ien_, a disciple of Confucius, name Min Sun, style Tzu-ch'ien; vi. 7, would rather cross the Wen than be governor of Pi; xi. 2, was of noble life; xi. 4, how good a son he was! xi. 12, his winning strength; xi. 13, does not talk, but what he says hits the mark. _Nan Jung_, a disciple of Confucius; v. 1, given Confucius's niece as wife; xi. 5, would thrice repeat _The Sceptre White_. _Nan-kung Kuo_, a disciple of Confucius, style Tzu-jung, perhaps the same man as Nan Jung; xiv. 6, how he prizes worth. _Nan-tzu_, wife of Ling, Duke of Wei, a dissolute woman; vi. 26, Confucius sees her. _Ning Wu_, posthumous title of Ning Yü, a lord of Wei; v. 20, such simplicity as his is beyond our reach. _Pi_, a town of Lu, belonging to the Chi; vi. 7, Min Tzu-ch'ien refuses the governorship of; xi. 24, Tzu-kao made governor of; xvi. 1, Chuan-yü is strong and close to Pi; xvii. 5, held in rebellion by Kung-shan Fu-jao. _Pi Hsi_, governor of Chung-mou in Chin for the family of Chao; xvii. 7, summons Confucius. _Pi-kan_, uncle of the tyrant Chou (reigned 1154-22 B.C.), last of the house of Yin; xviii. 1, died for his reproofs.

_Pien_, xiv. 10, a town in Lu given to Kuan Chung. _Po_, the, xiv. 10, a lord of Ch'i. Duke Huan takes from him the town of Pien and gives it to Kuan Chung. _Po-kuo_, xviii. 11, an officer of Chou. _Po-niu_, a disciple of Confucius, name Jan Keng, style Po-niu, born 544 B.C.; vi. 8, why should he die of such an illness? _Po-ta_, xviii. 11, an officer of Chou. _Po-yi_, elder brother of Shu-ch'i, lived in twelfth century B.C.; _see_ note to v. 22; v. 22, never recalled past wickedness; vii. 14, did not rue the past; xvi. 12, men still sound his praises; xviii. 8, would not bend the will. _Po-yü_, Confucius's son; xi. 7, buried without an outer coffin; xvi. 13, told by his father to study poetry and courtesy; xvii. 10, asked whether he had done the Chou-nan. _P'eng_, vii. 1, a man of the Shang dynasty: Confucius likens himself to him. _P'i Shen_, xiv. 9, a lord of Cheng, who drafted the decrees. _Shang_, the name of Tzu-hsia, whom see. _Shao_, the music of the time of Shun; iii. 25, its beauty; vii. 13, after hearing it the Master knew not the taste of meat for three months; xv. 10, choose for music the Shao and its dance. _Shao Hu_, a man of Ch'i: _see_ note to xiv. 17; xiv. 17, died with the young duke Chiu.

_Shao-lien_, a man supposed to have belonged to the savage tribes of eastern China; xviii. 8, he shamed the body. _Shao-nan_, xvii. 10, the second book of the _Book of Poetry_. _She_, a district in Ch'u. _She_, Duke of, vii. 18, asks Tzu-lu about Confucius, and is not answered; xiii. 16, asks about government; xiii. 18, says in his home an upright son bears witness against his father. _Shen_, the name of Tseng-tzu, whom see. _Shen Ch'ang_, a disciple of Confucius, style Tzu-chou; v. 10, is passionate, cannot be firm. _Shih_, xi. 15 = Tzu-chang, whom see. _Shih-men_, a pass on the frontier of Ch'i; xiv. 41, Tzu-lu spends a night there. _Shih-shu_, xiv. 9, a lord of Cheng, criticised the decrees. _Shou-yang_, xvi. 12, a mountain: Po-yi and Shu-Ch'i died at its foot. _Shu-ch'i_, younger brother of Po-yi, whom see. _Shu-hsia_, xviii. 11, an officer of Chou. _Shu-sun Wu-shu_, chief of the Shu-sun, Meng-sun, or Meng family, one of the three great houses of Lu, who controlled the state; xix. 23, says Tzu-kung is greater than Confucius; xix. 24, decries Confucius. _Shu-yeh_, xviii. 11, an officer of Chou. _Shun_, an emperor, successor of Yao (reigned 2255-05 B.C.); vi. 28, still yearned to treat all with bounty; viii. 18, it was sublime how he swayed the world and made light of it; viii. 20, had five ministers, and order reigned; xii. 22, raised Kao-yao, and evil vanished; xiv. 45, still struggled to bring peace to all men; xv. 4, ruled doing nothing; xx. 1, his instructions from Yao on coming to the throne.

_Ssu-ma Niu_, a disciple of Confucius, name Ssu-ma Keng, style Tzu-niu, a brother of Huan T'ui; xii. 3, asks what is love; xii. 4, asks what is a gentleman; xii. 5, his sorrow at having no brothers. _Sung_, a state, iii. 9, vi. 14. _Ta-hsiang_, ix. 2, a village: a man from, says Confucius has made no name. _Tan-t'ai Mieh-ming_, a disciple of Confucius, style Tzu-yü; vi. 12, would not take a short cut. _Tien_, xi. 25 = Tseng Hsi, whom see. _Ting_, Duke, ruler of Lu, whilst Confucius was in office, reigned 509-495 B.C.; iii. 19, asks how kings should treat ministers; xiii. 15, asks whether any one saying can bless a kingdom. _Tsai Wo_, a disciple of Confucius, name Tsai Yü, style Tzu-wo, died 480 B.C.; iii. 21, explains what trees were planted round the shrines of guardian spirits; v. 9, slept in the daytime; vi. 24, asks whether a man who loves would go down a well; xi. 2, was a talker; xvii. 21, thought one year's mourning enough. _Tsai Yü_: see Tsai Wo. _Tsang Wen_, a minister of Lu; v. 17, lodged his tortoise in a sculptured house; xv. 13, filched his post. _Tsang Wu-chung_, a minister of Lu, in the time of Confucius's father; xiv. 13, his wisdom; xiv. 15, forces his king's hand. _Tseng Hsi_, a disciple of Confucius, name Tseng Tien, style Hsi, the father of Tseng-tzu; xi. 25, the Master sides with him in his wish.

_Tseng-tzu_ (the Master, or philosopher Tseng), a disciple of Confucius, name Tseng Shen, style Tzu-yü, born in Lu, 505 B.C., died 437 B.C.; i. 4, questions himself thrice daily; i. 9, tells how to revive the good in men; iv. 15, says Master's teaching hangs on faithfulness and fellow-feeling; viii. 3, when sick tells his disciples to uncover his feet and arms; viii. 4, says when man must die his words are good; viii. 5, when we can, to ask those that cannot; viii. 6, says a man is a gentleman if no crisis can corrupt him; viii. 7, says a knight had need be strong and bold; xi. 17, is dull; xii. 24, says a gentleman gathers friends by culture; xiv. 28, says a gentleman is bent on keeping his place; xix. 16, says Tzu-chang is so magnificent; xix. 17, says man shows what is in him in mourning a near one; xix. 18, says Meng Chuang in not changing his father's rule is hard to rival; xix. 19, tells Yang Fu not to be puffed with joy. _Tso Ch'iu-ming_, v. 24, an ancient, his view of what is shameful. _Tung Meng_, or _East Meng_, a mountain in Lu, at the foot of which lay the small state of Chuan-yü, whose ruler had the right to sacrifice to the mountain, xvi. 1.

_Tzu-chang_, a disciple of Confucius, name Chuan-sun Shih, style Tzu-chang, born 504 B.C.; ii. 18, told how pay comes; ii. 23, told how far the future can be known; v. 18, asks whether Tzu-wen had love; xi. 15, goes too far; xi. 17, is smooth; xi. 19, asks the way of a good man; xii. 6, asks what is insight; xii. 10, asks how to raise the mind; xii. 14, asks what is kingcraft; xii. 20, asks what is eminence; xiv. 43, asks what is meant by Kao-tsung not speaking for three years; xv. 5, asks how to get on; xv. 41, asks, 'Is this the way to treat a music-master?'; xvii. 6, asks what is love; xix. 1, defines a knight; xix. 2, says goodness blindly clutched is nought; xix. 3, asked about friendship by Tzu-hsia's disciples; xix. 15, Tzu-yu thinks him void of love; xix. 16, his magnificence; xx. 2, asks how men should be governed. _Tzu-chien_, a disciple of Confucius, name Fu Pu-ch'i, style Tzu-chien; v. 2, what a gentleman he is! _Tzu-ch'an_, chief minister of Cheng in the time of Confucius; v. 15, the four things that marked him a gentleman; xiv. 9, gave the final touches to the decrees; xiv. 10, a kind-hearted man. _Tzu-ch'in_, a disciple of Confucius, name Ch'en K'ang, style Tzu-ch'in, or Tzu-k'ang, born 512 B.C.; i. 10, asks how the Master learns how lands are governed; xvi. 13, asks whether Po-yü had heard anything uncommon from his father; xix. 25, says the Master is no greater than Tzu-kung.

_Tzu-fu Ching-po_, minister to the Chi; xiv. 38, has strength to expose Liao's body in the market-place; xix. 23, tells Tzu-kung that Shu-sun thinks him greater than Confucius. _Tzu-hsi_, xiv. 10, chief minister to the state of Ch'u. He refused to be appointed successor to the throne in place of the true heir; but did not oppose his master's faults, and prevented him employing Confucius. _Tzu-hsia_, a disciple of Confucius, name Pu Shang, style Tzu-hsia, born 507 B.C.; i. 7, says a man who knows how to do his duty is learned; ii. 8, told that a son's manner is of importance; iii. 8, the Master can talk of poetry to him; vi. 11, told to read to become a gentleman; xi. 2, was a man of culture; xi. 15, does not go far enough; xii. 5, says all within the four seas are brethren; xii. 22, says Shun raised Kao-yao, and evil vanished; xiii. 17, when governor of Chü-fu asks how to rule; xix. 3, says cling to worthy friends; xix. 4, says small ways end in mire; xix. 5, says he who recalls each day his faults is fond of learning; xix. 6, says in wide learning and singleness of aim love is found; xix. 7, says through study a gentleman reaches truth; xix. 8, says the vulgar gloss their faults; xix. 9, says a gentleman alters thrice; xix. 10, says a gentleman will not lay on burdens before he is trusted; xix. 11, says if we keep within the bounds of honour, we may ignore propriety; xix. 12, says, Should a gentleman's training bewilder him?; xix. 13, says a scholar with his spare strength should serve the crown.

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