Hegel's Philosophy of Mind · Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
FOOTNOTES
1 Plato, _Rep._ 527. 2 The prospectus of the _System of Synthetic Philosophy_ is dated 1860. Darwin’s _Origin of Species_ is 1859. But such ideas, both in Mr. Spencer and others, are earlier than Darwin’s book. 3 Hegel’s _Verhältniss_, the supreme category of what is called actuality: where object is necessitated by outside object. 4 Cf. Herbart, _Werke_ (ed. Kehrbach), iv. 372. This consciousness proper is what Leibniz called _« __Apperception,__ »__ la connaissance réflexive de l’état intérieur (Nouveaux Essais)_. 5 Herbart, _Werke_, vi. 55 (ed. Kehrbach). 6 p. 59 (§ 440). 7 p. 63 (§ 440). 8 These remarks refer to four out of the five Herbartian ethical ideas. See also Leibniz, who (in 1693, _De Notionibus juris et justitiae_) had given the following definitions: “Caritas est benevolentia universalis. Justitia est caritas sapientis. Sapientia est scientia felicitatis.” The jus naturae has three grades: the lowest, jus strictum; the second, aequitas (or caritas, in the narrower sense); and the highest, pietas, which is honeste, i.e. pie vivere. 9 To which the Greek πόλις, the Latin civitas or respublica, were only approximations. Hegel _is not writing a history_. If he were, it would be necessary for him to point out how far the individual instance, e.g. Rome, or Prussia, corresponded to its Idea. 10 Shakespeare’s phrase, as in _Othello_, iii. 2; _Lover’s Complaint_, v. 24.
42 As Mr. Spencer says (_Psychology_, i. 141), “Objective psychology can have no existence as such without borrowing its data from subjective psychology.” 43 The same failure to note that experiment is valuable only where general points of view are defined, is a common fault in biology. 44 Münsterberg, _Aufgaben und Methoden der Psychologie_, p. 144. _ 45 Lehrbuch der Psychologie_, § 54 (2nd ed.), or § 11 (1st ed.). 46 See p. 11 (§ 387). 47 Cf. Nietzsche, _Also sprach Zarathustra_, i. 43. “There is more reason in thy body than in thy best wisdom.” 48 This language is very characteristic of the physicists who dabble in psychology and imagine they are treading in the steps of Kant, if not even verifying what they call his guesswork: cf. Ziehen, _Physiol. Psychologie_, 2nd ed. p. 212. “In every case there is given us only the psychical series of sensations and their memory-images, and it is only a universal hypothesis if we assume beside this psychical series a material series standing in causal relation to it.... The material series is not given equally originally with the psychical.” 49 It is the same radical feature of consciousness which is thus noted by Mr. Spencer, _Psychology_, i. 475. “Perception and sensation are ever tending to exclude each other but never succeed.” “Cognition and feeling are antithetical and inseparable.” “Consciousness continues only in virtue of this conflict.” Cf. Plato’s resolution in the _Philebus_ of the contest between intelligence and feeling (pleasure).
50 It is the quasi-Aristotelian ἀπαγωγή, defined as the step from one proposition to another, the knowledge of which will set the first proposition in a full light. _ 51 Grundlage des Naturrechts_, § 5. _ 52 System der Sittenlehre_, § 8, iv. 53 Even though religion (according to Kant) conceive them as divine commands. 54 Cf. Hegel’s _Werke_, vii. 2, p. 236 (Lecture-note on § 410). “We must treat as utterly empty the fancy of those who suppose that properly man should have no organic body,” &c.; and see p. 159 of the present work. _ 55 Criticism of Pure Reason_, Architectonic. 56 Spencer, _Psychology_, i. 291: “Mind can be understood only by observing how mind is evolved.” 57 Cf. Spencer, _Principles of Ethics_, i. 339: “The ethical sentiment proper is, in the great mass of cases, scarcely discernible.” _ 58 Prolegomena to the Study of Hegel_, p. 143. 59 Windelband (W.), _Präludien_ (1884), p. 288. 60 Cf. Plato, _Republic_, p. 486. _ 61 Human Nature: Morals_, Part III. _ 62 Emotion and Will_, ch. xv. § 23. 63 It is characteristic of the Kantian doctrine to absolutise the conception of Duty and make it express the essence of the whole ethical idea. 64 Which are still, as the Socialist Fourier says, states of social incoherence, specially favourable to falsehood.
86 Cf. Fichte, _Nachgelassene Werke_, iii. 295 (_Tagebuch über den animalischen Magnetismus_, 1813), and Schopenhauer, _Der Wille in der Natur_. 87 Bernheim: _La suggestion domine toute l’histoire de l’humanité_. 88 An instance from an unexpected quarter, in Eckermann’s conversations with Goethe: “In my young days I have experienced cases enough, where on lonely walks there came over me a powerful yearning for a beloved girl, and I thought of her so long till she actually came to meet me.” (Conversation of Oct. 7, 1827.) _ 89 Gleichsam in einer Vorwelt, einer diese Welt schaffenden Welt_ (_Nachgelassene Werke_, iii. 321). _ 90 Selbst-bewusstsein_ is not self-consciousness, in the vulgar sense of brooding over feelings and self: but consciousness which is active and outgoing, rather than receptive and passive. It is practical, as opposed to theoretical. 91 The more detailed exposition of this Phenomenology of Mind is given in the book with that title: Hegel’s _Werke_, ii. pp. 71-316. _ 92 System der Sittlichkeit_, p. 15 (see Essay V). 93 Hegel’s _Werke_, viii. 313, and cf. the passage quoted in my _Logic of Hegel_, notes, pp. 384, 385. 94 Hegel’s _Briefe_, i. 15. _ 95 Kritik der Verfassung Deutschlands_, edited by G. Mollat (1893). Parts of this were already given by Haym and Rosenkranz. The same editor has also in this year published, though not quite in full, Hegel’s _System der Sittlichkeit_, to which reference is made in what follows.
96 In which some may find a prophecy of the effects of “blood and iron” in 1866. _ 97 Die Absolute Regierung_: in the _System der Sittlichkeit_, p. 32: cf. p. 55. Hegel himself compares it to Fichte’s _Ephorate_. _ 98 Die Absolute Regierung_, l.c. pp. 37, 38. 99 Some idea of his meaning may perhaps be gathered by comparison with passages in _Wilhelm Meister’s Wanderjahre_, ii. 1, 2. _ 100 Kritik der Verfassung_, p. 20. 101 In some respects Bacon’s attitude in the struggle between royalty and parliament may be compared. 102 Just as Schopenhauer, on the contrary, always says _moralisch_—never _sittlich_. 103 Grey (G.), _Journals of two Expeditions of Discovery in North-West and Western Australia_, ii. 220. 104 With some variation of ownership, perhaps, according to the prevalence of so-called matriarchal or patriarchal households. 105 Cf. the custom in certain tribes which names the father after his child: as if the son first gave his father legitimate position in society. _ 106 System der Sittlichkeit_, p. 8. _ 107 Aufhebung_ (_positive_) as given in _absolute Sittlichkeit_. _ 108 System der Sittlichkeit_, p. 15. 109 This phraseology shows the influence of Schelling, with whom he was at this epoch associated. See _Prolegomena to the Study of Hegel_, ch. xiv. 110 Cf. the intermediate function assigned (see above, p. clxxxiii) to the priests and the aged.
174 In order to give a clearer impression of it, I cannot refrain from quoting a few passages, which may at the same time give some indication of the marvellous skill of Rückert, from whom they are taken, as a translator. [For Rückert’s verses a version is here substituted in which I have been kindly helped by Miss May Kendall.] I saw but One through all heaven’s starry spaces gleaming: I saw but One in all sea billows wildly streaming. I looked into the heart, a waste of worlds, a sea,— I saw a thousand dreams,—yet One amid all dreaming. And earth, air, water, fire, when thy decree is given, Are molten into One: against thee none hath striven. There is no living heart but beats unfailingly In the one song of praise to thee, from earth and heaven.
Text from Project Gutenberg, public domain in the United States.