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The Principles of Biology, Volume 1

by Herbert Spencer (1820–1903)

52 chapters, about 191,000 words. The text is in the public domain in the United States and comes from Project Gutenberg.

Chapters

  1. TO THE REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION. 900 words
  2. ORGANIC MATTER. 5,900 words
  3. THE ACTIONS OF FORCES ON ORGANIC MATTER. 3,800 words
  4. THE RE-ACTIONS OF ORGANIC MATTER ON FORCES. 4,300 words
  5. METABOLISM. 4,300 words
  6. PROXIMATE CONCEPTION OF LIFE. 3,400 words
  7. THE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN LIFE AND ITS CIRCUMSTANCES. 1,900 words
  8. CHAPTER VI. 2,300 words
  9. THE DYNAMIC ELEMENT IN LIFE. 3,300 words
  10. THE SCOPE OF BIOLOGY. 1,700 words
  11. GROWTH. 8,100 words
  12. DEVELOPMENT.[19] 5,500 words
  13. STRUCTURE.[21] 4,900 words
  14. FUNCTION. 4,100 words
  15. WASTE AND REPAIR. 3,400 words
  16. ADAPTATION. 4,600 words
  17. INDIVIDUALITY. 2,000 words
  18. CELL-LIFE AND CELL-MULTIPLICATION. 4,300 words
  19. GENESIS. 8,300 words
  20. HEREDITY. 5,300 words
  21. VARIATION. 4,100 words
  22. GENESIS, HEREDITY, AND VARIATION. 4,600 words
  23. _CONCLUDED_. 4,800 words
  24. CLASSIFICATION. 1,400 words
  25. INVERTEBRATA. 100 words
  26. VERTEBRATA. 200 words
  27. PROTOZOA 2,300 words
  28. DISTRIBUTION. 4,800 words
  29. PRELIMINARY. 100 words
  30. GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE SPECIAL-CREATION-HYPOTHESIS.[45] 3,400 words
  31. GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE EVOLUTION-HYPOTHESIS. 2,000 words
  32. THE ARGUMENTS FROM CLASSIFICATION. 1,400 words
  33. THE ARGUMENTS FROM EMBRYOLOGY. 4,400 words
  34. THE ARGUMENTS FROM MORPHOLOGY. 1,800 words
  35. THE ARGUMENTS FROM DISTRIBUTION. 3,800 words
  36. HOW IS ORGANIC EVOLUTION CAUSED? 1,700 words
  37. EXTERNAL FACTORS. 1,500 words
  38. INTERNAL FACTORS. 2,900 words
  39. DIRECT EQUILIBRATION. 2,200 words
  40. INDIRECT EQUILIBRATION. 5,400 words
  41. THE CO-OPERATION OF THE FACTORS. 1,200 words
  42. THE CONVERGENCE OF THE EVIDENCES. 1,000 words
  43. RECENT CRITICISMS AND HYPOTHESES. 4,300 words
  44. THE GENERAL LAW OF ANIMAL FERTILITY. 7,900 words
  45. I. 12,700 words
  46. II. 6,700 words
  47. III. 7,800 words
  48. IV. 7,300 words
  49. APPENDIX C. 1,500 words
  50. SIR, 1,600 words
  51. {C(CH)(CH_{3})H} N(CH_{3})(CH_{3})H. {CO(HO) } 3,000 words
  52. NOTES 1,200 words

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