Ethics · John Dewey
THE BEGINNINGS AND GROWTH OF MORALITY
II. EARLY GROUP LIFE 17 Sec. 1. _Typical facts of group life_:--Primitive unity and solidarity, 17. Sec. 2. _Kinship and household groups_:--The kinship group, 21; the family or household group, 23. Sec. 3. _Kinship and family groups as economic and industrial units_:--The land and the group, 24; movable goods, 25. Sec. 4. _Kinship and family groups as political bodies_:--Their control over the individual, 26; rights and responsibility, 27. Sec. 5. _The kinship or household as a religious unit_:--Totem groups, 30; ancestral religion, 31. Sec. 6. _Age and sex groups_, 32. Sec. 7. _Moral significance of the group_, 34. III. THE RATIONALIZING AND SOCIALIZING AGENCIES IN EARLY SOCIETY 37 Sec. 1. _Three levels of conduct_:--Conduct as instinctive and governed by primal needs, regulated by society's standards, and by personal standards, 37. Sec. 2. _Rationalizing agencies_: Work, 40; arts and crafts, 41; war, 42. Sec. 3. _Socializing agencies_:--Cooperation, 42; art, 45. Sec. 4. _Family life as idealizing and socializing agency_, 47. Sec. 5. _Moral interpretation of this first level_, 49. IV. GROUP MORALITY--CUSTOMS OR MORES 51 Sec. 1. _Meaning, authority, and origin of customs_, 51. Sec. 2. _Means of enforcing custom_:--Public approval, taboos, rituals, force, 54. Sec. 3. _Conditions which render group control conscious_:--Educational customs, 57; law and justice, 59; danger or crisis, 64. Sec. 4. _Values and defects of customary morality_:--Standards, motives, content, organization of character, 68.
V. FROM CUSTOM TO CONSCIENCE; FROM GROUP MORALITY TO PERSONAL MORALITY 73 Sec. 1. _Contrast and collision_, 73. Sec. 2. _Sociological agencies in the transition_:--Economic forces, 76; science and the arts, 78; military forces, 80; religious forces, 81. Sec. 3. _Psychological agencies_:--Sex, 81; private property, 83; struggles for mastery and liberty, 84; honor and esteem, 85. Sec. 4. _Positive reconstruction_, 89. VI. THE HEBREW MORAL DEVELOPMENT 91 Sec. 1. _General character and determining principles_:--The Hebrew and the Greek, 91; Political and economic factors, 92. Sec. 2. _Religious agencies_:--Covenant, 94; personal law-giver, 95; cultus, 97; prophets, 99; the kingdom, 100. Sec. 3. _Moral conceptions attained_:--Righteousness and sin, 102; responsibility, 104; purity of motive, 105; the ideal of "life," 107; the social ideal, 108. VII. THE MORAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREEKS 111 Sec. 1. _The fundamental notes_:--Convention versus nature, 111; measure, 112; good and just, 113. Sec. 2. _Intellectual forces of individualism_:--The scientific spirit, 114. Sec. 3. _Commercial and political individualism_:--Class interests, 119; why obey laws? 122. Sec. 4. _Individualism and ethical theory_:--The question formulated, 124; individualistic theories, 126. Sec. 5. _The deeper view of nature and the good, of the individual and the social order_:--Aristotle on the natural, 127; Plato's ideal state, 129; passion or reason, 131; eudaemonism and the mean, 134; man and the cosmos, 135. Sec. 6. _The conception of the ideal_:--Contrast with the actual, 136; ethical significance, 138. Sec. 7. _The conception of the self, of character and responsibility_:--The poets, 138; Plato and the Stoics, 140.
VIII. THE MODERN PERIOD 142 Sec. 1. _The mediaeval ideals_:--Groups and class ideals, 143; the church ideal, 145. Sec. 2. _Main lines of modern development_, 147. Sec. 3. _The old and new in the beginnings of individualism_, 149. Sec. 4. _Individualism in the progress of liberty and democracy_:--Rights, 151. Sec. 5. _Individualism as affected by the development of industry, commerce, and art_:--Increasing power and interests, 153; distribution of goods, 157; industrial revolution raises new problems, 159. Sec. 6. _The individual and the development of intelligence_:--The Renaissance, 163; the Enlightenment, 165; the present significance of scientific method, 167. IX. A GENERAL COMPARISON OF CUSTOMARY AND REFLECTIVE MORALITY 171 Sec. 1. _Elements of agreement and continuity_:--Regime of custom, 172; persistence of group morality, 173; origin of ethical terms, 175. Sec. 2. _Elements of contrast_:--Differentiation of the moral, 177; observing _versus_ reflecting, 178; the higher law, 181; deepening of meaning, 182. Sec. 3. _Opposition between individual and social aims and standards_:--Withdrawal from the social order, 184; individual emancipation, 186. Sec. 4. _Effects upon the individual character_:--Increased possibilities of evil as well as of good, 187. Sec. 5. _Moral differentiation and the social order_:--Effects on the family, 193; on industry and government, 194; on religion, 195; general relation of religion to morality, 197.
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