Outlines of a Critical Theory of Ethics · John Dewey
INDEX.
Absolute--and relative Ethics, according to Spencer 72. Accountability--See responsibility. Activity--human, the subject-matter of ethics 1 ff. --the object of desire 21 ff. --the standard of pleasure 45; 50. --equals exercise of function 101. --opposed to mere possession 209; 215; 218; 220. --two sides of 219. --see freedom. Æsthetic feelings--may be moral 199. --see art. Agent--moral, one capable of acting from ideas 3. --see person. Alexander, S.--quoted: on idea of sum of pleasures 46. --referred to: 9; 46; 77; 111; 134; 158; 165; 202; 216; 221; 227. Altruism--how identified with egoism 59. --reconciled, by Spencer, with egoism 70 ff. --conflicts, at present, with egoism 76. --older moralists termed benevolence 195. --not necessarily moral 107. --not disguised selfishness 109. --may equal charity 125. Amusements--moral nature of 133. Approbation--nature of 161. Aristotle--quoted: on pleasure 18; on pleasure and character 29; on the mean 136. --referred to: 31. Art (and Science)--nature of interest in 111. --distinction of fine and useful 112. --interest in, why moral 113 ff. --interest in, really social 118 ff. --life an, 120. --essentially dynamic 126. Asceticism--means formalism 94. --element of truth in 95. --results when interest is excluded 106. Aspiration--involved in morality 213; 222. Autonomy--Kant's conception of justified 149. Badness--of environment a factor in right action 176; 224. --its source and factors 214. --its relation to goodness 223. --potential and actual 223. --of good people 232.
Bain, A.--quoted: that pleasure is a self-evident criterion 16; his definition of utilitarianism 53; on obligation 140; 141. --referred to: 17; 66; 227. Barratt--quoted: that all pleasure is individual 14. Baseness--why badness becomes 219. Benevolence--see altruism. Bentham, J.--quoted: pleasure both criterion and motive 15; self-evident criterion 16; all motives good 34 ff.; hedonistic calculus 36 ff.; identity of individual and general pleasure 57 ff.; influence of law 59. --referred to: 53. Birks--referred to: 66. Blackie, J. S.--referred to: 66. Bradley, F. H.--quoted: on pleasure and desire 21; scientific interest not necessarily social 122; on merely individual conscience 189. --referred to: 25; 26; 42; 48; 54; 91; 124; 134; 165; 221. Browning, R.--referred to: 111. Butler--Bishop, quoted: on conscience 167. --referred to: 110. Caird, E.--quoted: on collision of moral ends 88. --referred to: 21; 82; 87; 91; 92; 93; 95; 109; 111; 149; 165. Calderwood--referred to: 158; 166. Capacity--its relation to environment 97. --increased by moral action 206. Carlyle, T.--referred to: 128. Casuistry--inevitable, if moral end is not wholly social 119. Character--reciprocal with conduct 9. --the source of motive, desire and moral pleasure 26 ff. --separated from conduct by hedonists 32 ff. --and virtues 227 ff. --see capacity, conduct, interests and motive. Charity--idea of, involves social inequality 125. Christianity--ethical influence of 224. --has no specific ethical code 231. Coit, S.--referred to: 28; 66.
Commands--moral value of: 203. Common Good--an ethical ideal 51. --not furnished by hedonism 60. --not furnished by Kant 91. --why necessarily involved in morality 117; 217; 222. --demands reciprocal satisfaction of individual and society 127. --its existence postulated by moral conduct 130. --results from exercise of function 168. --constituted by activity 169 ff. --realized in institutions 173. --development of 210. --see institutions and society. Comprehensiveness--growth of, in moral end 210 ff. Conduct--defined 3. --relation to consequences 7. --relation to character 9. --an individual system 133. --a social system 136. --how related to character 163. --see activity, consequences, character and motive. Conflict--of moral ends 88 ff. --morality has an aspect of 151; 227. Conscience--Bain's idea of 141. --equals consciousness of action 181. --elements in 182. --not a special faculty 183. --kinds of 183 ff. --not merely individual 188. Conscientiousness--nature of 199. --does not equal introspection 200. --nor application of code 201. --a cardinal virtue 232. Consequences--moral value of 7 ff.; 84; 114; 160. --excluded from morality by Kantianism 13; 29. --identified with moral value by hedonism 33. --responsibility for 160. Criterion--hedonistic is pleasure 15. --criticism of hedonistic 31 ff. --two ends to be met by every 32. --of higher and lower pleasures 49 ff. --when pleasure may be a 50. --Mill's really social 63. --Spencer's really social 73. --Kant's nominally formal 79 ff. --the real 132 ff. --its elasticity 135.
Darwin, C.--referred to: 78. Demoralization--involved in badness 220. Desire--pleasure as end of 16; 18 ff. --defined 19. --how spiritualized 23. --not purely pleasurable 27. --an expression of character 28. --excluded from moral motive by Kant 79. --all or no involved in morality 94. --relation to pleasure 83. --particular, an abstraction 96. --how distinguished from interest 103. --opposed to reason by Kant 147. --when opposed to moral action 148; 155; 213; 216. --how socialized, 237. Dewey, J.--referred to: 25; 78; 194. Disinterestedness--equals full interest 107. --an aspect of cardinal virtue 232. Disposition--Bentham on 35. Dualism--the Kantian 148 ff. Duty--see obligation. Egoism--see altruism. Empiricism--Spencer's reconciliation with intuitionalism 69 ff. End--moral: see common good; function; motive. Environment--defined by relation to capacity 99 ff. --meaning of adjustment to 115 ff. --moral, exists in institutions 171. --badness of, an element in right action 176; 190. --enlarged by moral action 207. Ethical World--discussed 167 ff. --nature illustrated 168. --relation to moral law 174. --see Institutions. Ethics--defined 1. --divided 3. --its object according to Spencer 68. --see theory. Evolution, Theory of--combined with hedonism 67 ff. --not really hedonistic 71 ff. --its real standard objective 72. Faith--a factor in moral progress 123; 127 ff. --in humanity, meaning of 129. --why demanded in moral action 217; 222. Feelings--natural and moral 5 ff.; 25 ff.; 87. --sympathetic relied upon by utilitarians 57. --necessary in moral activity 85. --active, equal interests 102. --moral, defined by end 108; see also motive. --value of 195 ff. --moral, not too narrowly limited 199.
Freedom--is object of desire 24. --equals exercise of function 138. --various aspects of 158. --of choice defined 159. --of indifference discussed 161 ff. --actualized in rights 172; 174. --positive, realized in virtues 229. Function--union of capacity and circumstance in act 103. --freedom found in exercise of 164 ff. Gizycki--referred to: 66. God--an external, cannot be the source of obligation 149. Goethe--referred to: 128. Golden Rule--identified by Mill with principle of utilitarianism 59. --gives no directions as to conduct 204. --is a concrete statement of ethical postulate 205. Green, T. H.--quoted: on desire and pleasure 21; on sum of pleasures 43; on nature of happiness 45; on conscientiousness 200; 202; on goodness 215. --referred to: 9; 25; 42; 54; 110; 158; 165. Grote, J.--referred to: 66; 158. Guyau--referred to: 66; 143. Hedonism--defined 14 ff. --its paradox 25. --confuses feeling and idea 26; 43 ff. --summarized 30. --all motives good 33. --its calculus 36. --fails to provide laws 39 ff. --its contrast with Kantianism 82 ff. --its treatment of obligation 140 ff. --is correct in holding rightness to be pleasurable 228. --truth and falsity in 234. Hegel--quoted: on reflective conscience 188; on merely individual conscience 189. Hinton, J.--quoted: on altruism 109; on badness 216. --referred to: 202. Hodgson, S. H.--referred to: 14. Idealism--when feeble 128. Ideals--moral, progressive, 206. Imperative, Categorical--of Kant 147. --of conscience 191.
Impulse--and pleasure 17. --and desire 22. --nature of action from 159. --see desire. Individuality--defined 97. --not identical with inner side alone 98. --evils of defining from this standpoint 110. --made by function 131. --realized is autonomy 150. --realized is freedom 164. --growth in 210. --see freedom and rights. Institutions--nature of 169 ff. --sovereignty, rights and law inhere in 171 ff. --influence of, upon conscience 184; 189. --movement of, the source of duties, 194. --see common good and society. Interests--are functions on personal side 102 ff. --classified and discussed 104 ff. --social, involve science and art 123 ff. --realized in institutions 170. --their relation to conscience 198. --pure, are virtue 228. --the active element of 218. --the freeing of, the moral goal 233. James, Sr., H.--referred to: 202. James, Wm.--quoted: on pleasure and desire 20. --referred to: 77. Kant--agrees with hedonism as to end of desire 79. --his end an abstraction 84. --his practical ideal that of Mill and Spencer 93. --value of his theory 93. --his theory of obligation 147. --his conception of autonomy 149. --his idea of duty 156. --his conception of practical reason 191. --quoted: on pleasure 47; on pleasure as common good 52; on priority of duty to good 78; on good will 79; his formula for right action 80; illustrations of moral law 80 ff. --referred to: 14; 78; 212; 221; 235.
Kantianism--compared with hedonism 82 ff. --its practical breakdown 90. Knowledge--moral effect of advance in 207. --socializes wants 237. --see art. Laurie, S. S.--quoted: on happiness 66. --referred to: 227. Law--utilitarian use of 58; 61 ff. --Kant's moral, formal 78. --relation to desire 94. --realized in institutions 172; 174. --of the 'is', not merely of the 'ought' 175. --idea of, in general 195. --see obligation. Lawlessness--involved in morality 216. Leckey--referred to: 66. Limitation--the basis of moral strength 128. Lincoln, A.--anecdote regarding 28. Lotze--referred to: 16; 166. Love--the union of duty and desire 154. Martineau, J.--quoted: on the difficulty of the hedonistic calculus 38. --referred to: 42; 78; 158; 166; 227. Maurice, F. D.--referred to: 191. Merit--means social desert 225. Mill, J. S.--criticizes Kant 91. --his equivoke of pleasure and pleasant thing 20. --his fallacy 56. --introduces quality of pleasure into hedonism 42; 46. --quoted: pleasure self-evident criterion 16; end of desire 17; on rules of morality 39 ff; on moral tribunal 48; on utilitarian standard 53; on importance of law and education 59; on social feeling 63 ff. --referred to: 25; 30; 49. Morality--sphere of as broad as conduct 2; 154. --not dependent upon an individual's wish 167 ff. --realized in institutions 170. --struggle for private, bad 202. --in the nature of things 233. Motive--defined 5. --two elements in 10. --determined by character 28. --never bad according to hedonism 33. --formal and legislative according to Kant 80. --not a subjective mood 232.
Norms--in philosophy 1. Obligation--in conflict with pleasure 76 ff. --how related to function 138. --theories regarding 139. --distinct from coercion 144. --enforced, not created by power 145. --Kantian idea of criticized 148. --does not relate simply to what ought to be, but is not 151; 174 ff. --relation to conscience 183. --how made known 190 ff. --practical value of sense of 196. --must be individualized 197; 201. --when opposed to desire 213; 216. --the union with desire the moral ideal 234. --see desire, law and universal. Pater--referred to: 66. Pathological--all inclination, according to Kant 86. --opposed to active 212. Paulsen--referred to: 67; 111. Person--is one capable of conduct 97. Pleasure--an element in activity 24. --not the moving spring to action 26. --sum of, dependent on objective conditions 44 ff. --quality of, similarly dependent 47 ff. --may symbolize action 51. --general, a vague idea 62. --fixed by social relations 65; 77. --not a sufficient guide at present 75. --dependent on self-realization 83. --all right action involves 228. --see desire and hedonism. Postulate--moral, defined 129 ff. --equals Golden Rule 205. Problem--moral 3. Progress--necessary in moral action 135 ff. --moral, nature of 209. Prudence--not outside moral sphere 105. Reason--opposed to desire by Kant 147. --Kant's conception too immediate 150. --practical, idea of 191. Reformation--possibility of 162 ff. Relativity--of morals, means what 136. Responsibility--nature of 160 ff. --of parents and children 203.
Reverence--Kant regards as sole moral feeling 86. Rights--exist by common will 172. Rousseau--his influence upon Kant 148. Royce, J.--referred to: 61; 111. Rule--moral, not a command 204. --a tool of analysis 204. Satisfaction--moral, creates new wants 208. --good and bad 217. Science--nature of interest in 111. --the preëminent moral means 237. --see art. Schurman, J. G.--referred to: 78. Self--interest in 105 ff. --involves sympathy 109. --dualism in self, how arises 216. --knowledge of 237. Selfishness--involved in immorality 216. Self-sacrifice--its moral nature 222. Sentimentality--immoral 113. --escape from, only through knowledge 120. --results from abstract idea of duty 157. --refined, equals sensuality 220. Shakespeare--quoted: on common good 131. Sidgwick, H.--quoted: on the hedonistic assumption 43; on utilitarian standard 53; on intuitional utilitarianism 54. --referred to: 14; 16; 18; 66; 111; 227. Society--its moral influence 146; 157. --its relation to obligation 152. --constituted by moral relationships 175. --development of, changes moral ideals 207. --see common good, institutions. Socrates--author of idea of reflective conscience 188. --initiator of modern ethical spirit 237. Sorley--referred to: 78; 111. Sovereignty--exists in common will and good 171. --ultimate possessed in humanity 173. Spencer, H.--believes in fixed social ideal 73 ff.; 235. --quoted: on pleasure as a necessary effect 68; not immediate object of desire 69; egoism and altruism 70 ff.; on ideal man 73; equilibrium of functions 74; on obligation 142; 143. --referred to: 16; 67; 72; 73; 74; 75; 76; 111; 125; 235.
Stephen, L.--quoted: on feeling as universal motive 27; on sympathy 109 ff. --referred to: 16; 25; 67; 68; 78; 111; 165; 227. Struggle--when morality is a 212. --changed by Christianity into movement 225. --see conflict. Sully, J.--referred to: 17. Theory--ethical and conduct 1. --ethical, sub-divided 13. --ethical, not casuistry 89. --value of 186. Universal--a, lacking in hedonism 37. --Kant's emphasis of 80. --Kant's, formal 80; 85; 90. --Kant's, leads to conflict 87. --true, equals organization, 88; 90; 96. --bad action cannot be 221. --means a method, not a thing 136. --found in movement of character 234. --see law. Utilitarianism--is universalistic hedonism 13; 53. --defined by Mill, Sidgwick, Bain, 53. --criticized 54 ff. --assumes social order 63 ff. --combined with evolution 67. Virtue--change in nature of 211. --correlative to duty 225. --distinguished from merit 226. --is an interest of character 228. --two types of 229. --cardinal 230. Wants--see desires. Wilson (and Fowler)--referred to: 67. Will--Kant's good will 79.
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