Beyond the pleasure principle · Sigmund Freud
Part-instinct, 48, 69, 70, 80.
Perfection, impulse towards, 52. _Pfeifer, S._, 11. Philosophy, 1, 2, 63, 65. _Plato_, 74–5. Play: -impulse, 24. of children, 11–16, 43. Motive of, 16. Pleasure, 1–6, 11, 15, 16, 22, 26, 33, 38, 52, 81. Pleasure-pain, 4, 33, 82. Pleasure-principle, 1–7, 13, 15–16, 20, 24–5, 34, 37–9, 42–4, 71, 80–3. Beyond the, 16, 24, 38. Dominance of, 82. Frustration of, 4–6. Replaced by reality-principle, 5. Supremacy of, 3. Tendencies beyond, 16. Pleasure-tendency, 4. Power-instinct, 14. Preconscious, 19, 41. ego, 19, 20. material, 42. residues, 42. Pregenital organisation, 69. Primary: experience of satisfaction, 53. Masochism, 70. process, 80, 81. Projection, 33. Propagation, 57–9, 65, 69, 72. and death, 59. Death the consequence of, 59. Function of, 79. of energy, 28. Sexual, 60, 72. Protective barrier, 31, 37, 41, 76. Protozoa, 55, 58–62, 70–1, 73, 76. Immortality of, 60. Psychic: apparatus, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 26, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 41, 42, 80, 81. life, 2, 3, 15, 19, 24, 25, 34, 38, 71, 80, 82. processes, 1, 4, 9, 26; conscious, 32, primary, 42, secondary, 42. systems, 27, 28, 30, 34, 35, 36. Punishment dreams, 38. _Pythagoras_, 75. _Rank_, 70. Reaction-formation, 53, 65. Reality-principle, 5, 7, 20, 42. Pleasure-principle replaced by, 5. Regression, 46, 52, 70. Regressive character of: ego-instincts, 54. instincts, 76. Re-incarnation, 75. Reinstatement of: earlier condition, 44, 46, 51, 74, 80. lifelessness, 54.
Rejuvenation, 60, 63, 71, 73. Repetition, 18, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 52, 55, 72. Endless r. of the same, 23. Instincts compelling, 46. of identical experiences, 22–3, processes, 80. Repetition-compulsion, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 38, 39, 42, 44, 55, 72, 76. Organic, 45. Repressed: impulses, 20. instinct, 52. material, 19, 20. memory-traces, 44. sex-impulses, 6. The, 19, 38. Repressing agency, 65. Repression, 6, 18, 19, 24, 53. of instinct, 52. Reproductive cells, 49, 50, 57. Resistance, 17, 19, 20, 24, 30, 53. Retrogression, 51–2. Return to: lifelessness, 47. the inorganic, 48, 81. _Rückert_, 83. Sadism, 69, 70. _Schopenhauer_, 63. Secondary process, 44, 80, 81, 82. Self-preservation: Instinct of, 5, 48, 49, 64, 66, 68, 79. Libidinous character of, 67. Sex, 57, 73, 78. distinction, 51. impulses, 5; repressed, 6. -life, infantile, 18, 20. -object, 69. -quest, 21. Sexuality, 51, 65, 57. Conception of, 76. Origin of, 73. Shock, 36. -dream, 24. Dreams of s. patients, 24. Mechanical, 8. neuroses, 10. theory, 36. _Simmel_, 10. _Spielrein, Sabina_, 70. Stability: Conditions of, 3. Tendency towards, 4. _Stärcke, A._, 70. Stimulation, 83. Protection against, 30, 32. Stimuli, 29–34, 37, 41, 50, 52, 76, 83. Barrier against, 33, 34, 36, 37. Chemical, 71. Control of, 37. dangerous to life, 76. Defence against, 37. Mechanical, 71. Protection against, 31, 33. Reception of, 29, 31, 32.
Stimulus masses, 31, 34, 71. Sublimation, 52, 53. System: Bw., 26, 28, 29. W-Bw., 26, 27, 32. _Tasso_, 23. Tension, 82. Unpleasant state of, 1. Chemical, 71. Relaxation of, 1, 53. Trauma, 34, 37, 39. External, 34. Fixation on, 10. Traumatic: excitation, 34. experiences, 10. impressions, 39. neurosis, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42; dreams in, 37, 38. neurosis of peace, 8. Unconscious, 17, 19, 27. charges, 41. mental process ‘timeless’, 32. processes, 26, 27. resistances, 19. Systems, 41–2. The, 19, 42. Unicellular beings, 57, 59, 63. Immortality of, 59. Upanishads, 75. Vesicle, 29, 30, 31, 32. War neuroses, 8, 9, 10, 39. W-Bw., the system, 26–7, 32. _Weismann, A._, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 73. Wish-fulfilment, 37, 38. tendency of dreams, 10; prehistoric past of, 38. _Woodruff_, 59, 60, 61. _Ziegler, K._, 75. ----- Footnote 1: op. cit., p. 90. Footnote 2: Cp. Psycho-Analysis and the War Neuroses, by Ferenczi, Abraham, Simmel and Ernest Jones; No. 2 of the International Psycho-Analytical Library, 1921. Footnote 3: 1919, Bd. V, S. 243. Footnote 4: This interpretation was fully established by a further observation. One day when the mother had been out for some hours she was greeted on her return by the information ‘Baby o-o-o-o’ which at first remained unintelligible. It soon proved that during his long lonely hours he had found a method of bringing about his own disappearance. He had discovered his reflection in the long mirror which nearly reached to the ground and had then crouched down in front of it, so that the reflection was ‘_fort_’.
Footnote 5: When the child was five and three-quarter years old his mother died. Now, when she was really ‘gone’ (o-o-o), the boy showed no grief for her. A second child had, it is true, been born in the meantime and had aroused his strongest jealousy. Footnote 6: Cp. ‘Eine Kindheitserinnerung aus “Dichtung und Wahrheit”.’ _Imago_, 1917, Bd. V, S. 49. Footnote 7: See ‘Zur Technik der Psychoanalyse. II. Erinnern, Wiederholen und Durcharbeiten.’ Sammlung kleiner Schriften zur Neurosenlehre. IV. Folge, 1918, S. 441. Footnote 8: Marcinowski: ‘Die erotischen Quellen der Minderwertigkeitsgefühle’, _Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft_, 1918, IV. Footnote 9: Cp. the pertinent observations of C. G. Jung in his article ‘Die Bedeutung des Vaters für das Schicksal des Einzelnen’. _Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische und psychopathologische Forschungen_, 1901, Bd. I. Footnote 10: Thus named after the German words _Wahrnehmung_ (= perception) and _Bewußtsein_ (= consciousness). Footnote 11: Here I follow throughout J. Breuer’s exposition in the theoretical section of the ‘Studien über Hysterie’, 1895. Footnote 12: J. Breuer and S. Freud: Studien über Hysterie. Footnote 13: Cp. ‘Triebe und Triebschicksale’, Sammlung kleiner Schriften zur Neurosenlehre. IV. Folge, 1918. Footnote 14: Psycho-Analysis and the War Neuroses. Introduction. International Psycho-Analytical Library. No. 2, 1921. Footnote 15: Cp. Section VII, ‘Psychology of the Dream-Processes’ in my ‘Traumdeutung’. Footnote 16: I have little doubt that similar conjectures about the nature of instinct have been already repeatedly put forward.
Footnote 17: Compare the subsequent criticism of this extreme view of the self-preservative instincts. Footnote 18: By a different route Ferenczi has arrived at the possibility of this conception. (‘Stages of Development in the Sense of Reality’. Ch. VIII of his Contributions to Psycho-Analysis, 1916.) He writes: ‘By following through this process of thought logically one is obliged to gain familiarity with the idea of a tendency to persistence or regression governing organic life also, while the tendency to progress in development, adaptation, etc. is manifested only as against external stimuli.’ Footnote 19: Über die Dauer des Lebens, 1882; Über Leben und Tod, 2. Aufl., 1892; Das Keimplasma, 1892, etc. Footnote 20: Über Leben und Tod, 2. Aufl., S. 20. Footnote 21: Über die Dauer des Lebens, S. 38. Footnote 22: Über Leben und Tod, 2. Aufl., S. 67. Footnote 23: Über die Dauer des Lebens, S. 33. Footnote 24: Über Leben und Tod. Conclusion. Footnote 25: Cp. Max Hartmann: Tod und Fortpflanzung, 1906; Alex. Lipschütz: ‘Warum wir sterben’, _Kosmosbücher_, 1914; Franz Doflein: Das Problem des Todes und der Unsterblichkeit bei den Pflanzen und Tieren, 1919. Footnote 26: Hartmann: loc. cit., S. 29. Footnote 27: For this and what follows see Lipschütz: Loc. cit., S. 26 and 52 ff. Footnote 28: ‘Über die anscheinende Absichtlichkeit im Schicksale des Einzelnen’. Großherzog Wilhelm Ernst Auflage, Bd. IV, S. 268.
Footnote 29: ‘Zur Einführung des Narzissmus’, _Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse_, Bd. VI, 1914, and Sammlung kleiner Schriften zur Neurosenlehre, IV. Folge, 1918. Footnote 30: Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie, from the First Edition, 1905, onwards. Footnote 31: See Sexualtheorie, 4. Aufl., 1920, and ‘Triebe und Triebschicksale’ in Sammlung kleiner Schriften, IV. Folge. Footnote 32: A considerable part of this speculation has been anticipated in a work which is full of valuable matter and ideas but is unfortunately not entirely clear to me: (Sabina Spielrein: ‘Die Destruktion als Ursache des Werdens’, _Jahrbuch für Psychoanalyse_, IV, 1912). She designates the sadistic component as ‘destructive’. In still another way A. Stärcke (Inleiding by de vertaling von S. Freud, De sexuele beschavingsmoral etc., 1914) has attempted to identify the libido concept itself with the biological concept of an impulsion towards death which is to be assumed on theoretical grounds (Cp. also Rank: ‘Der Künstler’). All these attempts, as the one in the text, indicate how much the need is felt for a clarification in the theory of instinct which we do not yet possess. Footnote 33: loc. cit. Footnote 34: Although Weismann (Das Keimplasma, 1892) denies even this advantage: ‘Fertilisation in no way signifies a rejuvenation or renewing of life,—it is in no way necessary for the prolongation of life; it is nothing but a device for making possible the blending of two different inheritance tendencies.’ Still, he considers an increase of variability in living organisms to be the result of such blending.
Footnote 35: I am indebted to Prof. Heinrich Gomperz of Vienna for the following indications as to the origin of the Platonic myth, which I repeat partly in his own words: I should like to call attention to the fact that essentially the same theory is also to be found in the Upanishads. The Brihad-Aranyaka Upanishad 1, 4, 3 (Deussen, 60 Upanishads des Veda, S. 393), where the creation of the world from the Âtman (the self or ego) is described, has the following passage ‘Nor did he (the Âtman, the self or ego) experience any joy, and for that reason no one has joy when he is alone. So he longed for a partner. He was as big as a woman and a man together when they embrace. He divided himself into two parts, which made a husband and a wife. This body is therefore one half of the self, according to Yajnavalkya. And for the same reason this empty space here becomes filled by the woman.’ The Brihad-Aranyaka Upanishad is the oldest of all the Upanishads, and no expert authority would date it later than 800 B.C. In opposition to the prevailing opinion I should not like definitely to deny the possibility of Plato having been dependent, even though very indirectly, on these Indian thoughts, for this possibility cannot be absolutely put aside even for the doctrine of re-incarnation. A dependence of this sort, first conveyed through Pythagoras, would scarcely detract from the significance of the coincidence in thought, for Plato would not have adopted any such story conveyed in some way from Oriental traditions, let alone have given it such an important place, had he not himself felt the truth contained in it to be illuminating.
Text from Project Gutenberg, public domain in the United States.