An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations · Adam Smith
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_Calvinists_, origin of that sect, 339. Their principles of church government, ib. _Cameron_, Mr. of Lochiel, exercised, within thirty years since, a criminal jurisdiction over his own tenants, 168. _Canada_, the French colony there, long under the government of an exclusive company, 234. But improved speedily after the dissolution of the company, ib. _Canals_, navigable, the advantages of, 62. How to be made and maintained, 303. That of Languedoc, the support of, how secured, ib. May be successfully managed by joint stock companies, 317. _Cantillon_, Mr. remarks on his account of the earnings of the labouring poor, 28. _Cape of Good Hope_, causes of the prosperity of the Dutch settlement there, 263. _Capital_, in trade, explained, and how employed, 112. Distinguished into circulating and, fixed capitals, ib. Characteristic of fixed capitals, 113. The several kinds of fixed capitals specified, ib. Characteristic of circulating capitals, and the several kinds of, 114. Fixed capitals supported by those which are circulating, ib. Circulating capitals how supported, ib. Intention of a fixed capital, 116. The expense of maintaining the fixed and circulating capitals illustrated, ib. Money, as an article of circulating capital, considered, ib. Money no measure of capital, 118. What quantity of industry any capital can employ, 120. Capitals, how far they may be extended by paper credit, 125. Must always be replaced with profit by the annual produce of land and labour, 136. The proportion between capital and revenue regulates the proportion between industry and idleness, 138. How it is increased or diminished, ib. National evidences of the increase of, 141. In what instances private expenses contribute to enlarge the national capital, 142. The increase of, reduces profits by competition, 145. The different ways of employing a capital, 147. How replaced to the different classes of traders, 148. That employed in agriculture puts into motion a greater quantity of productive labour than any equal capital employed in manufacturers, 149. That of a manufacturer should reside within the country, 150. The operation of capitals employed in agriculture, manufactures, and foreign trade compared, ib. The prosperity of a country depends on the due proportion of its capital applied to these three grand objects, 151. Different returns of capitals employed in foreign trade, 152. Is rather employed in agriculture than in trade and manufactures, on equal terms, 155, 156. Is rather employed in manufactures than in foreign trade, 156. The natural progress of the employment of, 157. Acquired by trade, is very precarious, until realized by the cultivation and improvement of land, 172. The employment of, in the different species of trade, how determined, 183.
_Capitation taxes_, the nature of, considered, 367. In England, ib. In France, ib. _Carriage_, land and water, compared, 8. Water carriage contributes to improve arts and industry in all countries where it can be used, 9, 62, 87. Land, how facilitated and reduced in price by public works, 303. _Carrying trade_, the nature and operation of, examined, 152. Is the symptom, but not the cause of national wealth, and hence points out the two richest countries in Europe, 153. Trades may appear to be carrying trades which are not so, ib. The disadvantages of, to individuals, 183. The Dutch, how excluded from being the carriers to Great Britain, 187, 188. Drawbacks of duties originally granted for the encouragement of, 205. _Carthaginian army_, its superiority over the Roman army accounted for, 294. _Cattle_ and _Corn_, their value compared, in the different stages of agriculture, 62. The price of, reduced by artificial grasses, 63. To what height the price of cattle may rise in an improving country, 92, 93. The raising a stock of, necessary for the supply of manure to farms, 93. Cattle must bear a good price to be well fed, ib. The price of, rises in Scotland in consequence of the union with England ib. Great multiplication of European cattle in America, 94. Are killed in some countries merely for the sake of the hides and tallow, 97. The market for these articles more extensive than for the carcase, ib. This market sometimes brought nearer home by the establishment of manufactures, ib. How the extension of cultivation raises the price of animal food, 103. Is perhaps the only commodity more expensive to transport by sea than by land, 186. Great Britain never likely to be much affected by the free importation of Irish cattle, ib.
_Certificates_, parish, the laws relating to, with observations on them, 58. _Child_, Sir Josiah, his observation on trading companies, 309. _Children_, riches unfavourable to the production, and extreme poverty to the raising, of them, 33. The mortality still greater among those maintained by charity, ib. _China_, to what the early improvement in arts and industry there was owing, 9. Concurrent testimonies of the misery of the lower ranks of the Chinese, 30. Is not, however, a declining country, ib. High rate of interest of money there, 40. Great state assumed by the grandees, 86. The price of labour there lower than in the greater mpart of Europe, 87. Silver the most profitable article to send thither, ib. The proportional value of gold to silver, how rated there, 89. The value of gold and silver much higher there than in any part of Europe, 101. Agriculture favoured there beyond manufactures, 282. Foreign trade not favoured there, 283. Extension of the home market, ib. Great attention paid to the roads there, 305, 306. In what the principal revenue of the sovereign consists, 353. The revenue of, partly raised in kind, ib. _Church_, the richer the church the poorer the state, 341. Amount of the revenue of church of Scotland, 342. The revenue of the church heavier taxed in Prussia than lay proprietors, 351. The nature and effect of tithes considered, 352.
_Circulation_, the dangerous practice of raising money by, explained, 127. In traffic, the two different branches of, considered, 132. _Cities_, circumstances which contributed to their opulence, 165. Those of Italy the first that rose to consequence, ib. The commerce and manufactures of, have occasioned the improvement and cultivation of the country, 170. _Clergy_, a supply of, provided for, by public and private foundations for their education, 55. Curates worse paid than many mechanics, ib. Of an established religion, why unsuccessful against the teachers of a new religion, 330. Why they persecute their adversaries, ib. The zeal of the inferior clergy of the church of Rome, how kept alive, ib. Utility of ecclesiastical establishments, 331. How connected with the civil magistrate, ib., 332. Unsafe for the civil magistrate to differ with them, 334. Must be managed without violence, ib., 335. Of the church of Rome, one great army cantoned over Europe, ib., 336. Their power similar to that of the temporal barons during the feudal monkish ages, ib. How the power of the Romish clergy declined, 337. Evils attending allowing parishes to elect their own ministers, 339. _Clothing_, more plentiful than food in uncultivated countries, 68. The materials for, the first articles rude nations have to offer, ib. _Coal_ must generally be cheaper than wood to gain the preference for fuel, 70. The price of, how reduced, ib. The exportation of, subjected to a duty higher than the prime cost of, at the pit, 273. The cheapest of all fuel, 370. The tax on absurdly regulated, ib.
_Coal mines_, their different degrees of fertility, 70. When fertile, are sometimes unprofitable by situation, ib. The proportion of rent generally paid for, ib., 71. The machinery necessary to, expensive, 112. _Coal trade_ from Newcastle to London employs more shipping than all the other carrying trade of England, 153. _Cochin China_, remarks on the principal article of cultivation there, 66. _Coin_, stamped, the origin and peculiar advantages of, in commerce, 11. The different species of, in different ages and countries, ib. Causes of the alterations in the value of, ib., 12, 13, 14. How the standard coin of different nations came to be of different metals, 16. A reform in the English coinage suggested, 19. Silver, consequences attending the debasement of, 82. Coinage of France and Britain examined, 193. Why coin is privately melted down, 225. The mint chiefly employed to keep up the quantity thus diminished, ib. A duty to pay the coinage would preserve money from being melted or counterfeited, ib. Standard of the gold coin in France, ib. How a seignorage on coin would operate, 226. A tax upon coinage is advanced by every body, and finally paid by nobody, ib. A revenue lost by government defraying the expense of coinage, 227. Amount of the annual coinage before the late reformation of the gold coin, ib. The law for the encouragement of, founded on prejudice, ib. Consequences of raising the denomination as an expedient to facilitate the payment of public debts, 395. Adulteration of, 397.
_Colbert_, M., the policy of his commercial regulations disputed, 189, 275. His character, 275. _Colleges_, cause of the depreciation of their money rents inquired into, 14. The endowments of, from whence they generally arise, 318. Whether they have in general answered the purposes of their institution, ib. These endowments have diminished the necessity of application in the teachers, 319. The privileges of graduates by residence, and charitable foundation of scholarships, injurious to collegiate education, 320. Discipline of, ib. _Colliers_ and _Coal-heavers_, their high earnings accounted for, 43. _Colonies_, new, the natural progress of, 38. Modern, the commercial advantages derived from them, 183. Ancient, on what principles founded, 227, 228. Ancient Grecian colonies not retained under subjection to the parent states, ib. Distinction between the Roman and Greek colonies, 228. Circumstances that led to the establishment of European colonies in the East Indies and America, ib. The East Indies discovered by Vasco de Gama, 229. The West, Indies discovered by Columbus, ib. Gold the object of the first Spanish enterprises there, 230. And of all those of all other European nations, 231. Causes of the prosperity of new colonies, ib. Rapid progress of the ancient Greek colonies, 232. The Roman colonies slow in improvement, ib. The remoteness of America and the West Indies greatly in favour of the European colonies there, ib. Review of the British American colonies, 234. Expense of the civil establishments in British America, 235. Ecclesiastical government, ib. General view of the restraints laid upon the trade of the European colonies, 236. The trade of the British colonies, how regulated, ib. The different kinds of non-enumerated commodities specified, 237. Enumerated commodities, 238. Restraints upon their manufactures, ib.
Indulgences granted them by Britain, 239. Were free in every other respect except as to their foreign trade, 240. Little credit due to the policy of Europe from the success of the colonies, 242. Throve by the disorder and injustice of the European governments, ib. Have contributed to augment the industry of all the countries of Europe, 243. Exclusive privileges of trade a dead weight upon all these exertions both in Europe and America, ib. Have in general been a source of expense instead of revenue to their mother countries, 244. Have only benefited their mother countries by the exclusive trade carried on with them, ib. Consequences of the navigation act, 245. The advantage of the colony trade to Britain estimated, 247. A gradual relaxation of the exclusive commerce recommended, 250. Events which have prevented Britain from sensibly feeling the loss of the colony trade, ib. The effects of the colony trade, and the monopoly of that trade, distinguished, ib. To maintain a monopoly, the principal end of the dominion Great Britain assumes over the colonies, 254. Amount of the ordinary peace establishment of, ib. The two late wars Britain sustained, colony wars, to support a monopoly, ib. Two modes by which they might be taxed, 255. Their assemblies not likely to tax them, ib. Taxes by parliamentary requisition as little likely to be raised, 256. Representatives of, might he seated into the British parliament with good effect, 257. Answer to objections against American representation, 258. The interest of the consumer in Britain sacrificed to that of the producer in raising an empire in America, 274.
_Columbus_, the motive that led to his discovery of Americas, 229. Why he gave the name of Indies to the islands he discovered, ib. His triumphal exhibition of their productions, 230. _Columella_, his instructions for fencing a kitchen garden, 64. Advises the planting of vineyards, 65. _Commerce_, the different common standards or mediums made use of to facilitate the exchange of commodities in the early stages of, 10. Origin of money, ib. Definition of the term value, 12. Treaties of, though advantageous to the merchants and manufacturers of the favoured countries, necessarily, disadvantageous to those of the favouring country, 222. Translation of the commercial treaty between England and Portugal, concluded in 1703, by Mr. Methuen, 223. Restraints laid upon the European colonies in America, 236. The present splendour of the mercantile system owing to the discovery and colonization of America, 259. Review of the plan by which it proposes to enrich a country, 266. The interest of the consumer constantly sacrificed to that of the producer, 274. See _Agriculture_, _Banks_, _Capital_, _Manufactures_, _Merchant_, _Money_, _Stock_, _Trade_, &c.
_Commodities_, the barter of, insufficient for the mutual supply of the wants of mankind, 10. Metals found to be the best medium to facilitate the exchange of, ib. Labour an invariable standard for the value of, 14. Real and nominal prices of, distinguished, ib. Component parts of the prices of, explained and illustrated, 21. Natural and market prices of, distinguished and how regulated, 23. The ordinary proportion between the value of two commodities, not necessarily the same as between the quantities of them commonly in the market, 89. The price of rude produce, how affected by the advance of wealth and improvement, 91, 92. Foreign are primarily purchased with the produce of domestic industry, 151. When advantageously exported in a rude state, even by a foreign capital, 156. The quantity of, in every country, naturally regulated by the demand, 176. Wealth in goods, and in money, compared, 177. Exportation of, to a proper market, always attended with more profit than that of gold and silver, 179. The natural advantages of countries in particular productions sometimes not possible to struggle against, 185. _Company_, mercantile, incapable of consulting their true interests when they become sovereigns, 264. An exclusive company a public nuisance, 265. Trading, how first formed, 307. Regulated and joint-stock companies distinguished, ib. Regulated companies in Great Britain specified, ib., 308. Are useless, 308. Constant view of such companies, ib. Forts and garrisons, why never maintained by regulated companies, 309. The nature of joint-stock companies explained, 310, 311, 316. A monopoly necessary to enable a joint-stock company to carry on a foreign trade, 317. What kind of joint-stock companies need no exclusive privileges, ib. Joint-stock companies, why well adapted to the trade of banking, ib. The trade of insurance may be carried on successfully by a joint-stock company, ib. Also, inland navigations, and the supply of water to a great city, ib. Ill success of joint-stock companies in other undertakings, 318.
_Competition_, the effect of, in the purchase of commodities, 23. Among the venders, ib., 37. _Concordat_ in France, its object, 337. _Congress_, American, its strength owing to the important characters it confers on the members of it, 257. _Conversion price_, in the payment of rents in Scotland, explained, 76, 77. _Copper_, the standard measure of value among the ancient Romans, 16. Is no legal tender in England, ib. _Cori_, the largest quadruped on the island of St. Domingo, described, 229. _Corn_, the raising of, in different countries, not subject to the same degree of rivalship, as manufactures, 3, 4. Is the best standard for reserved rents, 14. The price of, how regulated, 15. The price of, the best standard for comparing the different values of particular commodities at different times and places, 16. The three component parts in the price of, 21. Is dearer in Scotland than in England, 31. Its value compared with that of butcher's meat, in the different periods of agriculture, 62. Compared with silver, 75. Circumstances in a historical view of the prices of corn that have misled writers in treating of the value of silver at different periods, 76. Is always a more accurate measure of value than any other commodity, 79. Why dearer in great towns than in the country, 80. Why dearer in some rich commercial countries, as Holland and Genoa, ib. Rose in its nominal price on the discovery of the American mines, 81. And in consequence of the civil war under king Charles I., ib.
And in consequence of the bounty on the exportation of, 82. Tendency of the bounty examined, 83. Chronological table of the prices of, 108. The least profitable article of growth in the British West Indian colonies, 159. The restraints formerly laid upon the trade of, unfavourable to the cultivation of land, 162. The free importation of, could little affect the farmers of Great Britain, 187. The policy of the bounty on the exportation of, examined, 206. The reduction in the price of, not produced by the bounty, ib. Tillage not encouraged by the bounty, ib. The money price of, regulates that of all other home-made commodities, 207. Illustration, 208. Ill effects of the bounty, ib. Motives of the country gentlemen in granting the bounty, 209. The natural value of not to be altered by altering the money price, 210. The four several branches of the corn trade specified, 213. The inland dealer, for his own interest, will not raise the price of, higher than the scarcity of the season requires, ib. Corn a commodity the least liable to be monopolised, 214. The inland dealers too numerous and dispersed to form a general combination, ib. Dearths, never artificial, but when government interferes improperly to prevent them, ib.
The freedom of the corn trade the best security against a famine, 215. Old English statute to prohibit the corn trade, ib. Consequences of farmers being forced to become corn dealers, ib. The use of corn dealers to the farmers, 216. The prohibitory statute against the corn trade softened, 217. But still under the influence of popular prejudices, ib., 218. The average quantity imported and exported compared with the consumption and annual produce, ib. Tendency of a free importation of, 219. The home-market the most important one for corn, ib. Impropriety of the statute 22 Car. II. for regulating the importation of wheat, confessed by the suspension of its execution by temporary statutes, ib. Duties payable on the importation of grain before 13 Geo. III. ib. _note_, ib. The home-market indirectly supplied by the exportation of corn, ib. How a liberal system of free exportation and importation and among all nations would operate, 220. The laws concerning corn, similar to those relating to religion, 221. The home-market supplied by the carrying trade, ib. The system of laws connected with the establishment of the bounty, undeserving of praise, ib. Remarks on the statute 13 Geo. III. ib. _Corporations_, tendency of the exclusive privileges of, on trade, 26. By what authority erected, 50, 52. The advantages they derive from the surrounding country, ib. Check the operations of competition, 54. Their internal regulations combinations against the public, ib. Are injurious even to the members of them, ib. The laws of, obstruct the free circulation of labour from one employment to another, 57. Origin of, 163. Are exempted by their privileges from the power of the feudal barons, 164. The European East India companies disadvantageous to the eastern commerce, 181, 182. The exclusive privileges of corporations ought to be destroyed, 191.
_Cottagers_, in Scotland, their situation described, 49. Are cheap manufacturers of stockings, ib. The diminution of, in England, considered, 95. _Coward_, character of, 329. _Credit_. See _Paper Money_. _Crusades_, to the Holy land, favourable to the revival of commerce, 165. _Currency of states_, remarks on, 194. _Customs_, the motives and tendency of drawbacks from the duties of, 203. The revenue of the customs increased by drawbacks, 205. Occasion of first imposing the duties of, 307. Origin of those duties, 371. Three ancient branches of, 372. Drawbacks of, ib. Are regulated according to the mercantile system, ib., 373. Frauds practised to obtain drawbacks and bounties, ib. The duties of, in many instances uncertain, ib. Improvement of, suggested, 374. Computation of the expense of collecting them, 380.
Text from Project Gutenberg, public domain in the United States.