An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations · Adam Smith
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_Balance_ of annual produce and consumption explained, 203. May be in favour of a nation, when the balance of trade is against it, ib. _Balance_ of trade, no certain criterion to determine on which side it turns between two countries, 192. The current doctrine of, on which most regulations of trade are founded, absurd, 199. If even, by the exchange of their native commodities, both sides may be gainers, ib. How the balance would stand if native commodities on one side were paid with foreign commodities on the other, ib. How the balance stands when commodities are purchased with gold and silver, ib., 200. The ruin of countries often predicted from the doctrine of an unfavourable balance of trade, 202. _Banks_, great increase of trade in Scotland since the establishment of them in the principal towns, 120. Their usual course of business, 121. Consequences of their issuing too much paper, 122. Necessary caution for some time observed by them with regard to giving credit to their customers, 124. Limits of the advances they may imprudently make to traders, 125. How injured by the practice of drawing and redrawing bills, 126, 127. History of the Ayr bank, 128. History of the bank of England, 130. The nature and public advantage of banks considered, 131. Bankers might carry on their business with less paper, 132. Effects of the optional clauses in the Scotch notes, 133. Origin of their establishment, 194. Bank money explained, 195. Bank of England, the conduct of, in regard to the coinage, 226. Joint stock companies, why well adapted to the trade of banking, 317, 318. A doubtful question, whether the government of Great Britain is equal to the management of the bank to profit, 344.
_Bankers_, the credit of their notes how established, 118. The nature of the banking business explained, ib., 121. The multiplication and competition of bankers, under proper regulations of service to public credit, 135. _Baretti_, Mr. his account of the quantity of Portugal gold sent weekly to England, 225. _Barons_, feudal, their power contracted by the grant of municipal privileges, 163. Their extensive authority, 168. How they lost their authority over their vassals, 169. And the power to disturb their country, 170. _Barter_, the exchange of one commodity for another, the propensity to, of extensive operation, and peculiar to man, 6. Is not sufficient to carry on the mutual intercourse of mankind, 10. See _Commerce_. _Batavia_, causes of the prosperity of the Dutch settlement there, 263. _Beaver skins_, review of the policy used in the trade for, 273. _Beef_, cheaper now in London than in the reign of James I., 63. Compared with the prices of wheat at the corresponding times, 64. _Benefices_, ecclesiastical, the tenure of, why rendered secure, 335. The power of collating to, how taken from the pope, in England and France, 338. General equality of, among the presbyterians, 340. Good effects of this equality, ib. _Bengal_, to what circumstances its early improvement in agriculture and manufactures was owing, 9. Present miserable state of the country, 30. Remarks on the high rates of interest there, 39. Oppressive conduct of the English there, to suit their trade in opium, 263. Why more remarkable for the exportation of manufactures than of grain, 284.
_Berne_, brief history of the republic of, 164. Establishment of the reformation there, 338. Application of the revenue of the catholic clergy, 341. Derives a revenue from the interest of its treasure, 344. _Bills of Exchange_, punctuality in the payment of, how secured, 126. The pernicious practice of drawing and redrawing explained, ib. The arts made use of to disguise this mutual traffic in bills, 127. _Birth_, superiority of, how it confers respect and authority, 298. _Bishops_, the ancient mode of electing them, and how altered, 335, 337. _Body_, natural and political, analogy between, 280. _Bohemia_, account of the tax there on the industry of artificers, 366. _Bounty_, on the exportation of corn, the tendency of this measure examined, 81. _Bounties_, why given in commerce, 183. On exportation, the policy of granting them considered, 205. On the exportation of corn, 206. This bounty imposes two taxes on the people, 207. Evil tendency of this bounty, 209. The bounty only beneficial to the exporter and importer, ib. Motives of the country gentlemen in granting the bounty, 210. A trade which requires a bounty, necessarily a losing trade, ib. Tonnage bounties to the fisheries considered, 211. Account of the white-herring fishery, 212. Remarks on other bounties, 213. A review of the principles on which they are generally granted, 267. Those granted on American produce founded on mistaken policy, 268. How they affect the consumer, 274.
_Bourdeaux_, why a town of great trade, 138. _Brazil_ grew to be a powerful colony under neglect, 233. The Dutch invaders expelled by the Portuguese colonists, ib. Computed number of inhabitants there, ib. The trade of the principal provinces oppressed by the Portuguese, 236. _Bread_, its relative value with butcher's meat compared, 62, 63. _Brewery_, reasons for transferring the taxes on to the malt, 376. _Bridges_, how to be erected and maintained, 303. _Britain_, Great, evidences that labour is sufficiently paid for there, 30. The price of provisions nearly the same in most places, 31. Great variations in the price of labour, ib. Vegetables imported from Flanders in the last century, 32. Historical account of the alterations interest of money has undergone, 37. Double interest deemed a reasonable mercantile profit, 40. In what respects the carrying trade is advantageous to, 152, 153. Appears to enjoy more of the carrying trade of Europe than it really has, 153. It is the only country of Europe in which the obligation of purveyance is abolished, 161. Its funds for the support of foreign wars inquired into, 178, 179. Why never likely to be much affected by the free importation of Irish cattle, 186. Nor salt provisions, ib.
Could be little affected by the importation of foreign corn, 187. The policy of the commercial restraints on the trade with France examined, 192. The trade with France might be more advantageous to each country than that with any other, 202. Why one of the richest countries in Europe, while Spain and Portugal are among the poorest, 221. Review of her American colonies, 234. The trade of her colonies, how regulated, 236. Distinction between enumerated and non-enumerated commodities explained, 237. Restrains manufactures in America, 238, 239. Indulgences granted to the colonists, 239. Constitutional freedom of her colony government, 240. The sugar colonies of, worse governed than those of France, 241. Disadvantages resulting from retaining the exclusive trade of tobacco with Maryland and Virginia, 244, 245. The navigation act has increased the colony trade, at the expense of many other branches of foreign trade, 245. The advantage of the colony trade estimated, 247. A gradual relaxation of the exclusive trade recommended, 250. Events which have concurred to prevent the ill effects of the loss of the colony trade, ib. The natural good effects of the colony trade more than counterbalance the bad effects of the monopoly, 251. To maintain a monopoly, the principal end of the dominion assumed over the colonies, 254. Has derived nothing but loss from this dominion, ib.
Is perhaps the only state which has only increased its expenses by extending its empire, 256. The constitution of, would have been completed by admitting of American representation, 258. Review of the administration of the East India Company, 264, 265. The interest of the consumer sacrificed to that of the producer in raising an empire in America, 274. The annual revenue of, compared with its annual rents and interest of capital stock, 345, 346. The land-tax of, considered, 348. Tithes, 352. Window-tax, 357. Stamp-duties, 363, 365. Poll-taxes in the reign of William III., 367. The uniformity of taxation in, favourable to internal trade, 382. The system of taxation in, compared with that in France, 384. Account of the unfunded debt of, 387. Funded debt, 388. Aggregate and general funds, ib. Sinking fund, 389. Annuities for terms of years and for lives, ib. Perpetual annuities the best transferable stock, 391. The reduction of the public debts during peace bears no proportion to their accumulation during war, 392. The trade with the tobacco colonies, how carried on, without the intervention of specie, 401. The trade with the sugar colonies explained, ib. Ireland and America ought in justice to contribute towards the discharge of her public debts, 402. How the territorial acquisitions of the East India Company might be rendered a source of revenue, 403. If no such assistance can be obtained, her only resource pointed out, ib. _Bullion_, the money of the great mercantile republic, 179. See _Gold_ and _Silver_. _Burghs_, free, the origin of, 163. To what circumstances they owed their corporate jurisdictions, ib. Why admitted to send representatives to parliament, 164. Are allowed to protect refugees from the country, 165. _Burn_, Dr. his observation on the laws relating to the settlements of the poor, 58, 59. _Butcher's meat_, nowhere a necessary of life, 370.
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