An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations · Adam Smith
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_Taille_, in France, the nature of that tax, and its operation, explained, 161. _Talents_, natural, not so various in different men as is supposed, 7. _Tartars_, their manner of conducting war, 289. Their invasions dreadful, ib. _Tavernier_, his account of the diamond mines of Golconda and Visiapour, 73. _Taxes_, the origin of, under the feudal government, 162. The sources from whence they must arise, 347. Unequal taxes, ib. Ought to be clear and certain, ib. Ought to be levied at the times most convenient for payment, ib. Ought to take as little as possible out of the pockets of the people more than is brought into the public treasury, 348. How they may be made more burdensome to the people than beneficial to the sovereign, ib. The land-tax of Great Britain, ib. Land-tax of Venice, 349. Improvements suggested for a land-tax, ib. Mode of assessing the land-tax in Prussia, 351. Tithes a very unequal tax, and a discouragement to improvement, 352. Operation of tax on house rent, payable by the tenant, 354. A proportionable tax on houses the best source of revenue, 355. How far the revenue from stock is a proper object of taxation, 357. Whether interest of money is proper for taxation, ib. How taxes are paid at Hamburgh, 339. In Switzerland, ib. Taxes upon particular employments, ib. Poll-taxes, 362. Taxes badges of liberty, ib. Taxes upon the transfer of property, 362. Stamp duties, 363. On whom the several kinds of taxes principally fall, 364. Taxes upon the wages of labour, 365. Capitation taxes, 367. Taxes upon consumable commodities, 368. Upon necessaries, ib. Upon luxuries, ib. Principal necessaries taxed, 369. Absurdities in taxation, 370. Different parts of Europe very highly taxed, ib. Two different methods of taxing consumable commodities, ib. Sir Matthew Decker's scheme of taxation considered, 371. Excise and customs, ib. Taxation sometimes not an instrument of revenue, but of monopoly, 373. Improvements of the customs suggested, 374. Taxes paid in the price of a commodity little adverted to, 379, 380. On luxuries, the good and bad properties of, ib. Bad effects of farming them out, 383. How the finances of France might be reformed, 384. French and English taxations compared, ib. New taxes always generate discontent, 391, 392. How far the British system of taxation might be applicable to all the different provinces of the empire, 397. Such a plan might speedily discharge the national debt, 399.
_Tea_, great importation and consumption of that drug in Britain, 86. _Teachers in Universities_, tendency of endowments to diminish their application, 319. The jurisdictions to which they are subject little calculated to quicken their diligence, ib. Are frequently obliged to gain protection by servility, ib. Defects in their establishments, ib., 320. Teachers among the ancient Greeks and Romans superior to those of modern times, 326. Circumstances which draw good ones to, or drain them from, the universities, 340. Their employment naturally renders them eminent in letters, 341. _Tenures_, feudal, general observations on, 137. Described, 157. _Theology_, monkish, the complexion of, 323. _Thoulouse_, salary paid to counsellor or judge in the parliament of, 301. _Tin_, average rent of the mines of in Cornwall, 71. Yield a greater profit to the proprietors than the silver mines of Peru, ib., 72. Regulations under which tin mines are worked, ib. _Tobacco_, the culture of, why restrained in Europe, 66. Not so profitable an article of cultivation in the West Indies as sugar, ib. The amount and course of the British trade with, explained, 153. The whole duty upon, drawn back on exportation, 204. Consequences of the exclusive trade Britain enjoys with Maryland and Virginia in this article, 244. _Tolls_, for passage over roads, bridges, and navigable canals, the equity of, shewn, 303. Upon carriages of luxury, ought to be higher than upon carriages of utility, ib. The management of turnpikes often an object of just complaint, 304. Why government ought not to have the management of turnpikes, ib., 379.
_Tonnage_ and _poundage_, origin of those duties, 372. _Tontine_ in the French finances, what, with the derivation of the name, 390. _Towns_, the places where industry is most profitably exerted, 53. The spirit of combination prevalent among manufacturers, ib., 54. According to what circumstances the general character of the inhabitants as to industry is formed, 137. The reciprocal nature of the trade between them and the country explained, 155. Subsist on the surplus produce of the country, ib. How first formed, 156. Are continual fairs, ib. The original poverty and servile state of the inhabitants of, 162. Their early exemptions and privileges, how obtained, ib. The inhabitants of, obtained liberty much earlier than the occupiers of land in the country, 163. Origin of free burghs, ib. Origin of corporations, ib. Why allowed to form militia, 164. How the increase and riches of commercial towns contributed to the improvement of the countries to which they belonged, 167.
_Trade_, double interest deemed a reasonable mercantile profit in, 40. Four general classes of, equally necessary to, and dependent on, each other, 147. Wholesale, three different sorts of, 151. The different returns of home and foreign trade, ib. The nature and operation of the carrying trade examined, 152. The principles of foreign trade examined, 153. The trade between town and country explained, 155. Original poverty and servile state of the inhabitants of towns under feudal government, 162. Exemptions and privileges granted to them, ib. Extension of commerce by rude nations selling their own raw produce for the manufactures of more civilised countries, 165. Its salutary effects on the government and manners of a country, 167. Subverted the feudal authority, 168. The independence of tradesmen and artizans explained, 169. The capitals acquired by, very precarious, until some part has been realised by the cultivation and improvement of land, 172. Over-trading, the cause of complaints of the scarcity of money, 176. The importation of gold and silver not the principal benefit derived from foreign trade, 181. Effect produced in trade and manufactures by the discovery of America, ib. And by the discovery of a passage to the East Indies round the Cape of Good Hope, ib. Error of commercial writers in estimating national wealth by gold and silver, 182. Inquiry into the cause and effect of restraints upon trade, ib. Individuals, by pursuing their own interest, unknowingly promote that of the public, 184. Legal regulations, of trade unsafe, ib. Retaliatory regulations between nations, 189. Measures for laying trade open ought to be carried into execution slowly, 191. Policy of the restraints on trade between France and Britain considered, 192. No certain criterion to determine on which side the balance of trade between two countries turns, ib.
Most of the regulations of, founded on a mistaken doctrine of the balance of trade, 199. Is generally founded on narrow principles of policy, 201. Drawbacks of duties, 203. The dealer who employs his whole stock on one single branch of business has an advantage of the same kind with the workman who employs his whole labour on a single operation, 216. Consequences of drawing it from a number of small channels into one great channel, 249. Colony trade, and the monopoly of that trade distinguished, 250. The interest of the consumer constantly sacrificed to that of the producer, 274. Advantages attending a perfect freedom of, to landed nations, according to the present agricultural system of political economy in France, 278. Origin of foreign trade, 279. Consequences of high duties and prohibitions in landed nations, ib. How trade augments the revenue of a country, 281. Nature of the trading intercourse between the inhabitants of towns and those of the country, 285. _Trades_, cause and effect of the separation of, 3. Origin of, 7. _Transit duties_ explained, 379. _Travelling_ for education, summary view of the effects of, 324. _Treasures_, why formerly accumulated by princes, 180. _Treasure-trove_, the term explained, 115. Why an important branch of revenue under the ancient feudal governments, 385. _Turkey company_, short historical view of, 308. _Turnpikes_. See _Tolls_. _Tithes_, why an unequal tax, 352. The levying of, a great discouragement to improvements, ib. The fixing a modus for, a relief to the farmer, 353.
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