An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations · Adam Smith
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_Sailors_, why no sensible inconvenience felt by the great numbers disbanded at the close of a war, 190. _Salt_, account of foreign salt imported into Scotland, and of Scotch salt delivered duty free for the fishery, 288, _Append_. Is an object of heavy taxation everywhere, 369. The collection of the duty on, expensive, 380. _Sardinia_, the land-tax how assessed there, 352. _Saxon lords_, their authority and jurisdiction as great before the Conquest as those of the Normans were afterwards, 168. _Schools_, parochial, observations on, 328. _Science_ is the great antidote to the poison of enthusiasm and superstition, 333. _Scipio_, his Spanish militia rendered superior to the Carthaginian militia by discipline and service, 294. _Scotland_, compared with England as to the prices of labour and provisions, 31. Remarks on the population of the Highlands, 33. The market rate of interest higher than the legal rate, 37. The situation of cottagers there described, 49. Apprenticeships and corporations, 51. The common people of, why neither so strong nor so handsome as the same class in England, 68. Cause of the frequent emigrations from, 80. Progress of agriculture there before the union with England, 93. Present obstructions to better husbandry, ib., 94. The price of wool reduced by the Union, 99. Operation of the several banking companies established there, 120. Amount of the circulating money there before the Union, ib. Amount of the present circulating cash, 121. Course of dealings in the Scotch banks ib. Difficulties occasioned by these banks issuing too much paper, 123. Necessary caution for some time observed by the banks in giving credit to their customers, with the good effects of it, 124. The scheme of drawing and redrawing adopted by traders, 126. Its pernicious tendency explained, ib., 127. History of the Ayr bank. 128. Mr. Law's scheme to improve the country, 130. The prices of goods in, not altered by paper currency, 133. Effect of the optional clauses in their notes, ib. Cause of the speedy establishment of the Reformation there, 339. The disorders attending popular elections of the clergy there, occasioned the right of patronage to be established, ib. Amount of the whole revenue of the clergy, 342.
_Sea service_ and military service by land, compared, 45. _Sects in religion_, the more numerous, the better for society, 332. Why they generally profess the austere system of morality, 333. _Self-love_ the governing principle in the intercourse of human society, 6. _Servants_, menial, distinguished from hired workmen, 135. The various orders of men who rank in the former class in reference to their labour, 136. Their labour unproductive, 280. _Settlements_ of the poor, brief review of the English laws relating to, 57. The removals of the poor a violation of natural liberty, 59. The law of, ought to be repealed, 191. _Sheep_, frequently killed in Spain for the sake of the fleece and the tallow, 97. Severe laws against the exportation of them and their wool, 268. _Shepherds_, war, how supported by a nation of, 289. Inequality of fortune among, the source of great authority, 298. Birth and family highly honoured in nations of shepherds, ib. Inequality of fortune first began to take place in the age of shepherds, 299. And introduced civil government, ib. _Shetland_, how rents are estimated and paid there, 61. _Silk manufacture_, how transferred from Lucca to Venice, 166.
_Silver_, the first standard coinage of the northern subverters of the Roman empires, 16. Its proportional value to gold regulated by law, 17. Is the measure of the value of gold, ib. Mint price of silver in England, ib. Inquiry into the difference between the mint and market price of bullion, ib., 18. How to preserve the silver coin from being melted down for profit, 18. The mines of, in Europe, why generally abandoned, 71. Evidences of the small profit they yield to the proprietors in Peru, ib. Qualities for which this metal is valued, 72. The most abundant mines of, would add little to the wealth of the world, 73. But the increase in the quantity of, would depreciate its own value, 74. Circumstances that might counteract this effect, ib. Historical view of the variations in the value of, during the four last centuries, ib., 75. Remarks on its rise in value compared with corn, 76. Circumstances that might have misled writers in reviewing the value of silver, ib. Corn the best standard for judging of the real value of silver, 79. The price of, how affected by the increase of quantity, ib. The value of, sunk by the discovery of the American mines, 81. When the reduction of its value from this cause appears to have been completed, ib. Tax paid from the Peruvian mines to the king of Spain, 85. The value of silver kept up by an extension of the market, ib. Is the most profitable commodity that can be sent to China, 86. The value of, how proportioned to that of gold before and after the discovery of the American mines, 89. The quantity commonly in the market in proportion to that of gold probably greater than their relative values indicate, ib. The value of, probably rising, and why, 90, 91. The opinion of a depreciation of its value not well founded, 100. The real value of, degraded by the bounty on the exportation of corn, 207.
_Sinking fund_ in the British finances explained, 389. Is inadequate to the discharge of former debts, and almost wholly applied to other purposes, 391. Motives to the misapplication of it, ib., 392. _Slaves_, the labour of, dearer to the masters than that of freemen, 53. Under feudal lords, circumstances of their situation, 159. Countries where this order of men still remains, ib. Why the service of slave is preferred to that of freemen, ib. Their labour why unprofitable, ib. Causes of the abolishing of slavery throughout the greater part of Europe, 160. Receive more protection from the magistrate in an arbitrary government than in one that is free, 241. Why employed in manufactures by the ancient Grecians, 284. Why no improvements are to be expected from them, ib. _Smuggling_, a tempting, but generally a ruinous employment, 46. Encouraged by high duties, 373. Remedies against, 374. The crime of, morally considered, 381. _Society_, human, the first principles of, 6. _Soldiers_, remarks on their motives for engaging in the military line, 45. Comparison between the land and sea service, ib. Why no sensible inconvenience felt by the disbanding of great numbers after a war is over, 190. Reason of their first serving for pay, 291. How they became a distinct class of the people, 292. How distinguished from the militia, ib. Alteration in their exercise produced by the invention of fire-arms, ib.
_South Sea company_, amazing capital once enjoyed by, 311. Mercantile and stock-jobbing projects of, 312. Assiento contract, ib. Whale fishery, ib. The capital of, turned into annuity stock, ib., 388. _Sovereign_ and _trader_, inconsistent characters, 344. _Sovereign_, three duties only necessary for him to attend to for supporting a system of natural liberty, 286. How he is to protect the society from external violence, 289, 296. And the members of it from the injustice and oppression of each other, 297. And to maintain public works and institutions, 302. _Spain_, One of the poorest countries in Europe, notwithstanding its rich mines, 101. Its commerce has produced no considerable manufactures for distant sale, and the greater part of the country remains uncultivated, 171, 172. Spanish mode of estimating their American discoveries, 173. The value of gold, and silver there depreciated by laying a tax on the exportation of them, 208. Agriculture and manufactures there discouraged by the redundancy of gold and silver, ib., 209. Natural consequences that would result from taking away this tax, ib. The real and pretended motives of the court of Castile for taking possession of the countries discovered by Columbus, 230. The tax on gold and silver, how reduced, ib. Gold the object of all the enterprises to the new world, ib. The colonies of, less populous than those of any other European nation, 232, 233. Asserted an exclusive claim to all America, until the miscarriage of their invincible armada, ib. Policy of the trade with the colonies, 236. The American establishments of, effected by private adventurers, who received little beyond permission from the government, 242. Lost its manufactures by acquiring rich and fertile colonies, 251. The alcavala tax there explained, 381. The ruin of the Spanish manufactures attributed to it, ib.
_Speculation_, a distinct employment in improved society, 5. Speculative merchants described, 47. _Stage_, public performers on, paid for the contempt attending their profession, 44. The political use of dramatic representations, 334. _Stamp duties_ in England and Holland, remarks on, 363, 364, 365. _Steel-bow_ tenants in Scotland, what, 160. _Stock_, the profits raised on, in manufactures, explained, 20. In trade, an increase of, raises wages, and diminishes profit, 36. Must be larger in a great town than in a country village, 37. Natural consequences of a deficiency of stock in new colonies, 38. The profits on, little affected by the easiness or difficulty of learning a trade, 43. But by the risk or disagreeableness of the business, 46. Stock employed for profit sets into motion the greater part of useful labour, 106. No accumulation of, necessary in the rude state of society, 111. The accumulation of, necessary to the division of labour, ib. Stock distinguished into two parts, 112. The general stock of a country or society explained, 113. Houses, ib. Improved land, ib. Personal abilities, ib. Money and provisions, 114. Raw materials and manufactured goods, ib. Stock of individuals, how employed, 115. Is frequently buried or concealed in arbitrary countries, ib. The profits on, decrease in proportion as the quantity increases, 137. On what principles stock is lent and borrowed at interest, 144. That of every society divided among different employments, in the proportion most agreeable to the public interest, by the private views of individuals, 260. The natural distribution of, deranged by monopolizing systems, 261. Every derangement of, injurious to the society, 262. Mercantile, is barren and unproductive, according to the French agricultural system of political economy, 277. How far the revenue from, is an object of taxation, 357. A tax on, intended under the land-tax, 358.
_Stockings_, why cheaply manufactured in Scotland, 49. When first introduced into England, 104. _Stone quarries_, their value depends on situation, 69, 74. _Stones_, precious, of no use but for ornament, and how the price of, is regulated, 73. The most abundant mines, would add little to the wealth of the world, ib. _Subordination_, how introduced into society, 297. Personal qualifications, ib. Age and fortune, ib. Birth, 298. Birth and fortune two great sources of personal distinction, ib. _Subsidy_, old, in the English customs, the drawbacks upon, 203. Origin and import of the term, 372. _Sugar_, a very profitable article of cultivation, 66, 159. Drawbacks on the importation of, from England, 204. Might be cultivated by the drill-plough, instead of all hand-labour by slaves, 241. A proper subject for taxation, as an article sold at monopoly price, 378. _Sumptuary laws_, superfluous restraints on the common people, 142. _Surinam_, present state of the Dutch colony there, 234. _Switzerland_, establishment of the Reformation in Berne and Zurich, 338. The clergy there zealous and industrious, 342. Taxes how paid there, 359, 363.
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