De Officiis · Marcus Tullius Cicero
INDEX
Evil, the supreme, I, 5; III, 119; not pain, I, 5; III, 105, 117; but moral wrong, III, 105, 106; the only, III, 106. Expediency, definition, II, 1, 11; indispensable, III, 101; identical with Moral Rectitude, II, 9-10; III, 20, 35, 49, 83, 85, 110; conflict with Moral Rectitude impossible, III, 9, 11, 18, 34, 40, 48, 72; incompatible with immorality, III, 35, 77, 81, 82, 87; II, 64; one standard for both, III, 75; relative, II, 88 fg.; possible change of, III, 95; occasion for doubt, III, 19; apparent conflict with justice, III, 40, 86; apparent political expediency _vs._ humanity, III, 46-49; in business, III, 50 fg.; apparent conflict with Fortitude, III, 97-115; apparent conflict with Temperance, III, 116. Fabius; _see_ Maximus. Fabricius; Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, hero of old Rome, famed for integrity and moral dignity; called "the Just," III, 16, 87; consul (282); served against Pyrrhus (280); ambassador to Pyrrhus to negotiate exchange of prisoners; Pyrrhus tried to gain his favour by appeals to his ambition, avarice, and fears--in vain, I, 38; consul again (278), he sent back to Pyrrhus the traitor, I, 40; III, 86-87; a rigorous censor (275); lived and died in poverty. Fame; _see_ Glory. Fear, the wretchedness of, II, 25-26; _vs._ love, II, 23-26; dangerous to the one who employs it, II, 26. Fetial Law, the laws of the _Fetiales_, a college of four priests who served as guardians of the public faith; they conducted the ceremonies attendant upon demands for redress, declarations of war, ratification of treaties, establishment of peace; I, 36; III, 108.
Fides; _see_ Good Faith; the goddess, III, 104; etymology of, I, 23. Fimbria, Gaius Flavius, colleague of Marius in his second consulship (104); orator and jurist, III, 77. Finance, II, 87; reform of currency, III, 80-81. Fortitude, the third Cardinal Virtue, I, 15, 61-92; its characteristics, I, 66; in the light of justice, I, 62, 157; dangers attending, I, 46, 62-63; _vs._ expediency, III, 97-115; in Epicurus's system, III, 117. Fraud, criminal, III, 60 fg. Friendship, motives to, I, 55-56; acquisition of friends, II, 30; ideal, I, 56; III, 45-46; _vs._ duty, III, 43-44. Fufius, Lucius, an orator of no great ability, II, 50. Furius; Lucius Furius Philus, consul (136), proconsul in Spain, III, 109; a learned interlocutor in Cicero's _Republic_. Galus, Gaius Sulpicius; _see_ Sulpicius. Gaul, an inhabitant of Gaul, the land north of the Apennines, III, 112. Generosity, divisions of, II, 52; close to nature, III, 24; must not harm its object, I, 42-43; in proportion to one's means, I, 42-44; II, 55; to the recipient's merits, I, 45-60; motives to, I, 47-49; III, 118; means to winning popularity, II, 32; gifts of money, II, 52-60; personal service, II, 52, 53; to individuals, II, 65-71; to the state, II, 72 fg.; when most appreciated, II, 63. Glory, a means to popularity, II, 31, 43; preferred to wealth, II, 88.
Gods, favour of, won by piety, II, 11; do no harm, II, 12; III, 102; free from care, III, 102; slow to anger, III, 102, 104, 105. Golden Mean, I, 89; in generosity, II, 58, 59, 60; in personal adornment, I, 130. Good, the supreme, I, 5, 7; III, 52, 119; not pleasure, I, 5; III, 116, 117, 118; but moral goodness, III, 11, 35; living in harmony with nature, III, 13; the only, moral goodness, I, 67; III, 12. Good faith, III, 104; even to an enemy, III, 86 fg., 111, 113. Good man, what constitutes a, III, 63, 75-77. Gracchus, Gaius Sempronius, brother of the younger Tiberius; a more radical reformer; tribune (123 and 122); fell (121) a martyr to his reforms for the restoration of the public lands and the reduction of the cost of living, II, 72, 80; his death applauded by Cicero, II, 43. Gracchus, Publius Sempronius, father of the elder Tiberius, II, 43. Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, father of the tribunes, II, 43; in his own tribuneship he defended Scipio (187); a great soldier, II, 80; twice consul, triumphed twice; a just ruler in Spain; son-in-law of the elder, father-in-law of the younger Africanus, an ardent aristocrat; hence Cicero's praise, II, 43. Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, son of the foregoing; a persuasive orator; friend of the people and helper of the poor and oppressed; murdered for attempting as tribune (133) to reform agrarian abuses and build up a class of small farmers, I, 76, 109; II, 80; his death applauded by Cicero, II, 43.
Gratidianus, Marcus Marius; _see_ Marius. Gratitude, how won, II, 63. Greece, the land of liberty, letters, art, and civilization, II, 60; III, 48, 73, 99; cause of fall, II, 80. Greek, belonging to or a native of Greece, I, 108, 111; II, 83; III, 82; leaders in literature, I, 3; masters of philosophy, I, 8, 51, 142, 153; II, 18; Greek and Latin studies, I, 1. Gyges, the shepherd who dethroned Candaules and became king of Lydia (716-678), III, 38, 78. Gytheum, the harbour-town and arsenal of Sparta, III, 49. Hamilcar, a successful Carthaginian general in the First Punic War, defeated by Regulus at Ecnomus; opposed Regulus in Africa, III, 99; confused with Hamilcar Barca (_q.v._), III, 99. Hamilcar Barca, famous commander of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily (247-241); in Spain (238-229); father of Hannibal, III, 99. Hannibal (247-183), one of the world's greatest generals, I, 108; son of Hamilcar Barca, III, 99; sacked Saguntum (219), crossed the Alps and defeated the Romans on the Trebia and Ticinus (218), at Trasimenus (217), Cannae (216), I, 40; III, 113-114; defeated at Zama (202); maligned by the Romans as treacherous and cruel, I, 38. Harm, from gods to men, II, 12; III, 102; men to men, II, 16 fg. Health, impossible without man's co-operation, II, 12, 15; care of, II, 86. Hecaton, of Rhodes, a Stoic, pupil of Panaetius, III, 63, 89.
Hercules, the greatest of heroes, son of Zeus (Jupiter) and Alcmena, I, 118; his choice of his path in life, I, 118; performer of the twelve labours; benefactor of humanity, III, 25; his attainment of heaven, III, 25. Hernicians, a tribe in the Sabine mountains, subdued by Rome (306), I, 35. Herodotus, of Halicarnassus (5th century), lived also at Athens and Thurii; the father of history; travelled widely and wrote the history of Persia and Greece, II, 41. Hesiod, the Boeotian didactic poet (8th century); author of the Theogony, the Works and Days, etc., I, 48. Hippolytus, son of Theseus; his stepmother Phaedra fell in love with him; he rejected her advances but promised not to tell, III, 108; she accused him falsely; his innocence proved, Phaedra hanged herself and Theseus suffered lifelong remorse, I, 32; III, 94. Home, of man of rank; _see_ House. Homer, the poet, author of Iliad and Odyssey, III, 97. Honesty, the bond of human society, III, 21 fg.; the corner-stone of government, II, 78 fg. House, suitable for a man of rank, I, 138-140. Hortensius, Quintus (114-50), Cicero's famous rival as orator and advocate; his close friend (after 63), III, 73; enormously wealthy; lavish in his aedileship (75), II, 57; not always scrupulous, III, 73-74. Hospitality, the duty of, II, 64. Humility, in prosperity, I, 90-91.
Illyria, the country between Macedonia and the Adriatic, II, 40. Ingratitude, abhorred, II, 63. Injustice, active and passive, I, 23, 28; never expedient, III, 84; of hypocrisy, I, 41. Instinct and Reason, difference between man and beast, I, 11. Integrity, official, II, 75, 76, 77. Iphigenia, daughter of Agamemnon and Clytaemnestra (_q.v._); sacrificed at Aulis, III, 95. Isocrates (436-338), one of the ten Attic orators, pupil of Gorgias and Socrates; a polished speaker; greater as a teacher than as an orator; might have been a great philosopher, I, 4. Italian War (90-88), caused by Rome's injustice to the allies, provoked by the fear of prosecution on the part of the corrupt aristocrats, II, 75; resulted in Rome's granting the contentions of the allies. Italy, in government identified with Rome, II, 76. Ithaca, the home of Odysseus (Ulysses), an island of the Ionian group west of Greece, probably the historical Leucas, III, 97. Janus, an old Italian sun-god; a covered passage (commonly called his temple) adjoining the forum accommodated the banking houses of Rome, II, 87. Jason, tyrant of Pherae (395-370), generalissimo of Thessaly (374-370), an able soldier and diplomat, I, 108. Jests; _see_ Wit. Jove; _see_ Jupiter. Jugurtha, king of Numidia (118-106), campaigned with Scipio against Numantia; war with Rome (112-106) protracted by his bribes as much as by his arms, III, 79; executed in Rome (104).
Julius; _see_ Caesar. Junius; _see_ Brutus and Pennus and Silanus. Jupiter, the greatest of the gods of Italy, III, 102, 105; "Supreme and Best," III, 104; father of Hercules, I, 118. Justice, the second Cardinal Virtue, I, 15, 17, 20-41; in what consisting, I, 20; not fully comprehended, III, 69; queen of all the virtues, III, 28; most important, I, 153; close to nature, I, 153; III, 24; rule of duty, I, 29-30; in war, I, 38-40; and generosity, I, 42; _vs._ Wisdom, I, 152-157; _vs._ Fortitude, I, 157; _vs._ Temperance, I, 159-160; indispensable in business, II, 40; inspires most confidence, II, 34; the best means to popularity, II, 39; to glory, II, 43; always expedient, III, 96; in conflict with apparent expediency, III, 40, 86. Labeo, Quintus Fabius, grandson of Fabius Maximus, consul (183); injustice of, I, 33. Lacedaemon; _see_ Sparta. Laciads, citizens of the deme of Lacia, west of Athens, the home of Miltiades, II, 64. Laelius, Gaius, surnamed "the Wise," III, 16; statesman; soldier under Scipio at Carthage, successful against Viriathus, II, 40; a Stoic, pupil of Diogenes and Panaetius; a man of endless charm and wit, I, 90, 108; his friendship for Africanus immortalized, II, 31; a man of letters, centre of the literary group comprising also Scipio, Panaetius, Polybius, Terence, Lucilius. Lanarius, Gaius Calpurnius, III, 66.
Latin, study of combined with Greek, I, 1-2. Latins, the people of Latium, the province in which Rome is situated, the first territory added to Rome, I, 38; decisive battle on the Anio, III, 112. Law, the origin of, II, 41-42; the majesty of, I, 148; as a profession, II, 65; its decline with the end of the Republic, II, 67; III, 2. Lentulus; Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, the splendour of his aedileship (63), II, 57; as consul (57) he was largely instrumental in securing Cicero's recall from banishment. Leuctra, a town of Boeotia, where the Spartans under Cleombrotus were disastrously defeated by Epaminondas and the Thebans (371), I, 61; II, 26. Love, how won, II, 32; _vs._ fear, II, 23-26. Lucullus, Lucius Licinius (110-56), surnamed Ponticus for his victories over Mithradates (84-66); famed for his wealth and magnificence, I, 140; for the splendour of his aedileship with his brother Marcus (79), II, 57; with him prosecuted Servilius to avenge their father whom he had accused of bribery and corruption, II, 50; patron of letters, especially of the poet Archias. Lucullus, Marcus Licinius, associated with his brother Lucius (_q.v._), II, 50, 57; soldier and orator. Lusitania, western Spain, practically modern Portugal, II, 40. Lutatius; _see_ Catulus. Luxury, a vice, I, 92, 106, 123. Lycurgus (9th century), the famous lawgiver of Sparta, author (?) of the Spartan constitution, I, 76.
Lydia, the central country of western Asia Minor, III, 38. Lysander, the Spartan admiral who defeated the Athenians at Aegospotami (405), received the capitulation of Athens (404), established the Thirty Tyrants (403), and gave Sparta her leadership, I, 76, 109. Lysander, the ephor (241), a descendant of the admiral, a friend of King Agis (_q.v._), sought to bring about agrarian reforms based upon the constitution of Lycurgus; for this he was banished, II, 80. Lysis, of Tarentum, a Pythagorean; expelled from Italy, he came to Thebes and taught Epaminondas, I, 155. Macedonia, until the time of Philip a small country north of Thessaly, I, 37. Macedonians, the people of Macedon, I, 90; II, 53; deserted to Pyrrhus, II, 26; Paulus and their wealth, II, 76. Maelius, Quintus, tribune (321), more probably tribune-elect, as tribunes could not leave the city, III, 109. Magnificence, in the home, I, 140. Mamercus; Aemilius Lepidus Mamercus Livianus, a kinsman of Caesar; though defeated once, II, 58, he was later (77) consul. Mancia, Quintus Mucius, unknown, I, 109. Mancinus, Gaius Hostilius; in his consulship (137) he was defeated by the Numantines; his delivery to the enemy, III, 109. Manlius; Aulus Manlius Capitolinus, father of Lucius (_q.v._), III, 112. Manlius; Lucius Manlius Capitolinus Imperiosus; named dictator to mark the year (363), he used his office to engage in a war; that he transgressed but a "few days" was due to the intervention of the tribunes, III, 112.
Manlius; Titus Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus, his son, a famous hero of Roman story; as consul at the time of the battle on the Veseris he executed his own son for disobeying orders, though the disobedience won the _spolia opima_, III, 112. Marathon, a plain about twenty miles north of Athens where (490) Miltiades and his ten thousand defeated the hosts of Darius, I, 61. Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, campaigned against Hannibal in Italy, took Syracuse (212), five times consul, a brave but cruel soldier, over-praised by the Romans, I, 61. Marcus; _see_ Cicero--Marcus Tullius, the son. Marcius; _see_ Philippus. Marius, Gaius (157-87), seven times consul; gained his first consulship dishonourably, III, 79, 81; conquered Jugurtha (107); saved Rome from the invading Cimbri (102) and Teutons (101); a military genius, I, 76; cruel and selfish, he flooded the streets of Rome with her best blood in the civil war with Sulla. Marius; Marcus Marius Gratidianus, the son (or grandson) of Marcus Gratidius whose sister married Cicero's grandfather; adopted by a kinsman of the great Marius; hence his name; twice praetor; murdered by Catiline during Sulla's proscriptions, III, 67; his unbounded popularity in his first praetorship (86), III, 80-81. Mars, the god of war, III, 34. Marseilles (Massilia), a Greek city on the southern coast of Gaul, independent of the province; it sided with Pompey; Caesar captured the city after a protracted siege and exacted cruel vengeance, II, 28.
Maximus; Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator, consul four times; in his second dictatorship (217) he won his surname by harassing Hannibal, watching his plans and working on the defensive, I, 84, 108. Medes, the people of Media, a great kingdom in central Asia Minor added to Persia by Cyrus, II, 41. Medus, a son of Medea and Aegeus; wandering in search of his mother he came to Colchis, where Medea saved his life; the subject of a tragedy of Pacuvius, I, 114. Melanippa, mother of Boeotus and Aeolus by Posidon (Neptune); blinded and imprisoned by her father, she was at last rescued by her sons and her sight was restored by Posidon; subject of a tragedy of Ennius, I, 114. Metellus; Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, won his surname by his victories over Andriscus (148); a political rival and yet a good friend of the younger Scipio, I, 87. Metellus; Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, nephew of the preceding, statesman and soldier; as consul (109), carried on the war with Jugurtha with distinguished success, III, 79. Metrodorus, of Lampsacus (330-277), the most distinguished of the disciples of Epicurus; his Epicureanism was of the grossly sensual sort; his conception of happiness misunderstood by Cicero, III, 117. Milo, Titus Annius, an unscrupulous and turbulent fellow; as tribune (57) he did much for Cicero's recall and made a sworn enemy of Clodius (_q.v._); hired gladiators to force his own election, II, 58; defended without success by Cicero for killing Clodius.
Minerva, goddess of thought, temperament, wit, I, 97. Minos, son of Zeus (Jupiter) and king of Crete; because of his upright life he was made judge with Aeacus (_q.v._) in Hades, I, 97. Moderation, defined, I, 142. Modesty, I, 126-129. Mucius; _see_ Scaevola. Mummius; Lucius Mummius Achaicus, as consul (146) broke up the Achaean League, razed Corinth to the ground, I, 35; II, 46; carried to Italy untold treasures of wealth and art, II, 76. Naples, the beautiful Greek city of Campania, I, 33. Nasica; _see_ Scipio. Neptune, god of the sea, I, 32; III, 94. New Academy; _see_ Academy. Nicocles, tyrant of Sicyon, II, 81. Nola, a city in Campania, loyal to Rome, I, 33. Norbanus, Gaius, tribune (95), impeached (94) for treason, II, 49; consul (83). Numantia, the capital of Celtiberia, razed to the ground after a long siege by the younger Scipio, I, 35, 76; treacherously treated by Rome, III, 109. Numicius, Tiberius, colleague of Quintus Maelius (_q.v._), III, 109. Oath, significance of, I, 39, 40; III, 102 fg.; fidelity to, I, 39, 40; III, 99-112; violation of, III, 113 fg.; _see_ Perjury. Octavius, Gnaeus, as praetor commanded the fleet against Perseus (168) and gained a triumph; consul (165), I, 138. Octavius, Marcus, tribune (120); had the corn law of Gaius Gracchus repealed and secured the passage of a new and more conservative one, II, 72.
Old Age, duties peculiar to, I, 123; worst vices of, I, 123. Old Comedy, that of Aristophanes, Cratinus, Eupolis, etc., the comedy of personal abuse, I, 104. Orata, Gaius Sergius Silus, praetor (97), III, 67. Oratory, a division of speech, I, 132; divisions of, II, 49; a means for winning favour, II, 48; a means for service, II, 65-71; a power to save, II, 51. Orderliness, defined, I, 142; of action, I, 142-145. Orestes; Gnaeus Aufidius Orestes Aurelianus, consul (71), II, 58. Palamedes, the inventor; exposed Ulysses's trick, III, 98; treacherously done to death in revenge. Palatine, the hill above the forum on the south; east of the capital, I, 138. Panaetius, of Rhodes (180-111 _ca._), Stoic philosopher, disciple of Diogenes and Antipater (_q.v._) at Athens, close friend of Laelius (_q.v._) and Scipio, I, 90; II, 76; popularized philosophy, II, 35; wrote a book on moral duty, III, 7; failed to define duty, I, 7; classification of duty, I, 9; omits third division, I, 152, 161; II, 88; reasons for omission, III, 7-18, 34; how it would have been met, III, 33; other omissions, II, 86; on co-operation, II, 16; defends lawyer's efforts in a bad case, II, 51; on expensive public buildings, II, 60; Cicero's model, II, 60; III, 7; Hecaton's teacher, III, 63. Papius, Gaius, as tribune (65), revived the law of Pennus (_q.v._), III, 47.
Patriotism, I, 83; duty to country, I, 160; III, 90, 95; to die for country, I, 57; sacrifice for, I, 84; III, 100; right to do wrong for one's country, I, 159; III, 93, 95. Paulus, Lucius Aemilius, consul (216), defeated and slain at Cannae, I, 114. Paulus; Lucius Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus, son of the preceding; in his second consulship he conquered Perseus of Macedon at Pydna (168) and enriched Rome with spoils, II, 76; the father of the younger Africanus, I, 116, 121. Pausanias, king of Sparta, commander-in-chief of the forces of Greece at Plataea (479) to the glory of Sparta, I, 76. Peloponnesian War, the death-struggle of Athens with Sparta (431-404), I, 84. Peloponnesus, the lower peninsula of Greece, in which Sparta was the chief city, I, 84. Pelops, son of Tantalus and king of Mycenae, father of Atreus and Thyestes, III, 84. Pennus, Marcus Junius; as tribune (126) he secured a law expelling all foreigners from Rome, III, 47. Pericles, the peerless statesman of Athens, II, 16; philosopher, friend of Anaxagoras and Socrates; orator of mighty power, serious and deep, I, 108; general, I, 144; his administration made Athens unequalled in the splendour of her public buildings, II, 60. Peripatetics, followers of Aristotle (_q.v._), empiricists, II, 16; students of exact science; lack the poetry and eloquence of Plato but not very different from the New Academy, I, 2; III, 20; followers of Socrates and Plato, I, 2; their right to teach ethics, I, 6; seek the golden mean, I, 89; moral rectitude the supreme good, III, 11; moral wrong the supreme evil, III, 106; young Cicero their follower, I, 1; II, 8.
Perjury, III, 106-103, 113. Perseus, the last king of Macedon, conquered by Paulus (_q.v._), I, 37. Persians, the people of Persia, the great empire of western Asia; under Darius they invaded Greece and were beaten back at Marathon (490), I, 61; under Xerxes were overwhelmingly defeated at Salamis (480), I, 61; III, 48, 49; and at Plataea (479), I, 61. Phaedra, daughter of Minos, wife of Theseus and stepmother of Hippolytus (_q.v._), III, 94. Phaëthon, his story, III, 94. Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum (6th century), type of inhuman cruelty, II, 26; III, 29, 32; slain in an uprising of his people, II, 26; typical of Caesar. Phalerum, a deme of Attica on the bay of Phalerum, I, 3; II, 60. Pherae, a town of south-eastern Thessaly, the home of Admetus; of Jason, I, 108; of Alexander, II, 25. Philip, conqueror, king of Macedon (359-336), educated at Thebes, cultured, I, 90; wise, II, 48; eloquent, tactful and firm in discipline, II, 53. Philip, the younger, son of Antigonus (_q.v._), II, 48. Philippus, Lucius Marcius, orator second only to Crassus and Antonius, I, 108; statesman, II, 59; as tribune (104), proposed agrarian reforms, II, 73; dishonest policy toward the Asiatic states, III, 87. Philippus, Quintus Marcius, father of preceding, consul (186 and 169), II, 59; III, 87. Philosophers, why righteous, I, 28; attitude toward civic duty, I, 28; as teachers, I, 155.
Philosophy, the study of, I, 1-4; theoretical speculation, I, 153; meaning, II, 5; spirit of, II, 7; as a discipline, II, 4; worth while, II, 5 fg.; why Cicero turned to it, II, 2-8; III, 1-6. Phintias, the friend of Damon (_q.v._) III, 45. Phoenissae, the Phoenician Women, a tragedy of Euripides dealing with the war of the Seven against Thebes, III, 82. Picenum, state of north-east Italy, on the Adriatic, III, 74. Pinthia, Marcus Lutatius, unknown, III, 77. Piraeus, the great, landlocked harbour of Athens, about five miles from the city, III, 46. Piso; Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, so surnamed for his integrity; author and statesman; tribune (149); law against extortion, II, 75; consul (133). Plaetorian Law, enacted (192), III, 61. Plataea, the heroic little city at the foot of Mount Cithaeron in Boeotia; alone with Athens at Marathon (490); the scene of the final defeat of the Persians in Hellas (479), I, 61. Plato (429-347), pupil and friend of Socrates, profound philosopher and brilliant author, I, 22, 63; ideal statesman, I, 85, 87; might have been a great orator, I, 4; founder of the Academy (_q.v._); a great teacher, I, 155; often quoted by Cicero, I, 15 22, 28, 63, 64, 85, 87; III, 38, 39. Plautus, Titus Maccius (254-184), the greatest of Rome's comic poets; rich in wit, I, 104.
Po, the great river of Cisalpine Gaul, III, 88. Poeni; _see_ Carthaginians. Polybius, of Megalopolis (204-122), president of the Achaean League, detained at Rome in the house of Aemilius Paulus; friend of Scipio Aemilianus and Laelius; author of a history of Rome, III, 113. Pompey; Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (106-48), warrior, I, 76; (II, 20;) politician, the enemy of Caesar, the idol of Cicero, II, 2; conquered the pirates, Sertorians, Mithradates, Judaea, I, 78; triumvir; married Julia, III, 82; adorned Rome with great buildings, II, 60; magnificent shows, II, 57; defeated at Pharsalus (48), II, 45. Pompey; Quintus Pompeius Rufus, consul (141); as commander in the war with Numantia (140) made the unfortunate peace, III, 109. Pompey, Sextus, cousin of Pompey the Great, Stoic, scholar, geometrician, I, 19. Pomponius, Marcus, tribune (363); accuser of Lucius Manlius, III, 112. Pontius, Gaius, the Samnite general, victor at the Caudine Forks (321), II, 75; faithlessly treated, defeated (292), and executed in Rome. Poor, services to the, II, 61 fg.; their gratitude, II, 63, 69-71. Popilius [Marcus Popilius Laenas, as consul (172) campaigning in Liguria, I, 36]. Popular esteem, a means to glory, II, 31; how gained, II, 44 fg. Posidonius, of Apamea (135-51), a Stoic, disciple of Panaetius at Athens, III, 8; established a school at Rhodes where Cicero studied under him; later he lived with Cicero in Rome; author of many works, I, 159; III, 10.
Text from Project Gutenberg, public domain in the United States.