De Officiis · Marcus Tullius Cicero
INDEX
Postumius; Spurius Postumius Albinus, defeated in his second consulship (321) at the Caudine Forks, III, 109. Prodicus, of Ceos (fifth century), a respected sophist; his "Choice of Hercules," I, 118. Profession; _see_ Vocation. Promises, non-fulfilment sometimes a duty, I, 32; III, 92-95; sacred though given to an enemy, I, 39-40. Property, private, how obtained, I, 92; rights of, I, 21; II, 73-79, 85; III, 53; public, rights of, I, 21, 51. Propriety, defined, I, 96; its relations to the Cardinal Virtues, I, 93-100; poetic, I, 97; moral, I, 98-99; conduct in accord with personal endowment, I, 110-117; in choosing a career, I, 115-121; in outward appearance, I, 130; in inward self-control, I, 131-132; in speech, I, 132 fg.; in the home, I, 138-140. Propylaea, the magnificent gateway to the Acropolis of Athens, built (437-431) by Pericles and Mnesicles at a cost of £500,000, II, 60. Prosecution, II, 49; to be rarely undertaken, II, 50; a public service, II, 50. Prudence; _see_ Wisdom. Ptolemy, Philadelphus (309-247), king of Egypt, patron of art and letters, had the Bible translated; vastly rich, II, 82. Public Lands, private occupation to be maintained, I, 21. Public Service, as a career, I, 70 fg.; as a duty, I, 72; as an honour, I, 73; free from partisanship, I, 85-86; self-seeking, I, 87; vindictiveness, I, 88; anger, I, 89; guided by wisdom, I, 155-156.
Public shows, extravagant expenditures, II, 55-60; expected of an aedile, II, 57-60. Pulcher, Gaius Claudius, son of Appius, aedile (99), II, 57; consul (92). Punic Wars; _see_ Carthage. Pyrrho, of Elis (fourth century), founder of the school of the Sceptics; held that virtue is the only good, that truth and knowledge are unattainable; his ethical theories rejected, I, 6. Pyrrhus (318-272), king of Epirus, descended from Achilles and Aeacus, I, 38; a daring soldier and a gallant enemy, I, 38; a career of adventure and conquest, I, 38; III, 86; invaded Italy (280-275); the story of the poisoner, I, 40; III, 86; (_see also_ Fabricius); invaded Macedonia (273) and the enemy's troops joined him, II, 26; killed in Argos (272). Pythagorean, a follower of Pythagoras or member of his secret fraternity, I, 155; III, 45. Pythagoras, of Samos (sixth century), studied in the Orient, great mathematician; moral and religious teacher; serious, ascetic, I, 108; taught transmigration of souls; founded a secret brotherhood of ideal friendship, I, 56; asceticism was the rule of practice, with deep meditation and lofty aspiration. Pythian, epithet of Apollo, from Pytho, another name for Delphi, II, 77. Pythius, of Syracuse, his dishonesty, III, 58. Quirinus, the Sabine name for the deified Romulus, III, 41. Recklessness, to be avoided, I, 81, 83. Regulus, Marcus Atilius, a favourite hero of old Rome; consul (267 and 256), annihilated the Carthaginian fleet, took many towns, was finally (255) defeated and taken prisoner, I, 39; III, 99; his famous embassy and the ethics of his conduct, III, 99-115.
Remus, twin brother of Romulus, slain for leaping in derision over the new walls of Rome, III, 41. Reproof, how administered, I, 136. Republic, the Roman; its glory, II, 2; the protectorate of the world, II, 27; its downfall, I, 35; II, 2-5, 29, 65; III, 2, 4, 83; the tyrant's sway, II, 23-29; III, 81-85; enslaved, III, 84-85. Retirement, the life of, I, 69-70. Rhodes, a large island off the coast of Caria, III, 50. Rhodian, a native of Rhodes, III, 50, 57; III, 63. Riches, the object of acquiring, I, 25; proper use of, I, 68; compared with virtue, III, 24; (_see_ Wealth). Roman, of or belonging to Rome, III, 58; people, I, 33; III, 79, 83-86, 105, 109, 114; the people of Rome, II, 75; celebrated for courage, I, 61; champion of justice, I, 36; II, 26; hatred of tyranny and injustice, III, 19; atonement for tyranny and injustice, II, 27-29; their enslavement, III, 85-86. Rome, the capital of the Empire and mistress of the world, I, 39, 40; III, 73, 79, 99, 112, 113. Romulus, the mythical king, founder of Rome, III, 40; builder of its walls; not justified in slaying his brother, III, 41. Roscius, Sextus, of Ameria, accused by Chrysogonus, a freedman of Sulla's, of murdering his father; bravely and successfully defended by Cicero at the age of twenty-six, II, 51.
Rupilius, an actor otherwise unknown, I, 114. Rutilius; Publius Rutilius Rufus, a disciple of Publius Scaevola, II, 47; of Panaetius, III, 10; with Quintus Scaevola in Asia he repressed the extortion of the publicans, was banished, and devoted his life to philosophy and literature, III, 10. Sabine, belonging to the province of central Italy, III, 74; the Sabines, unfriendly to Rome till subdued and added to the empire (290), I, 35, 38. Sacred Laws; the _Leges Sacratae_, laws for the violation of which the offender was nominally consecrated to some god--i.e., laden with a curse, III, 111. Salamis, the island and straits directly in front of the Piraeus (_q.v._), where (480) Themistocles and the allied Greeks virtually annihilated the fleets of Persia, I, 61, 75. Sale, fraud in sale of real estate, III, 54-64; laws concerning, III, 65-71; of slaves, III, 71-72. Salmacis, a fountain (and nymph) at Halicarnassus, whose waters made men who drank them weak and effeminate, I, 61. Samnites, the brave, liberty-loving people of Samnium, a province of south-central Italy; after seventy-one years (343-272) of war with Rome admitted to citizenship, I, 38; famous for their victory at the Caudine Forks, III, 109; Gaius Pontius, II, 75. Sanitation; _see_ Health. Sardinia, the large island north of Sicily, made a province (238), misgoverned, II, 50. Satrius; Marcus Minucius Basilus Satrianus, adopted by Lucius Minucius Basilus, his inheritance, III, 74.
Scaevola, Publius Mucius, father of the pontifex maximus, consul (133) and friend of Tiberius Gracchus, an expert in the pontifical law, II, 47. Scaevola, Quintus Mucius, the Augur, son of the preceding, son-in-law of Laelius, friend of Africanus, consul (117), preceptor to Cicero; simple in his greatness, I, 109. Scaevola, Quintus Mucius, the Pontifex Maximus, son of Publius, preceptor of Cicero; orator, jurist; authority on the civil law, his business honour, III, 62, 70; followed his father's calling, I, 116; magnificent aedileship, II, 57; consul (95), III, 47. Scaurus, Marcus Aemilius, consul (115); partisan rather than statesman, I, 76; ambassador to Jugurtha (112), notorious corruptionist, but loyal aristocrat; hence Cicero's praise, I, 108. Scaurus, Marcus Aemilius, son of the preceding, step-son of Sulla, aedile (58) with extraordinary magnificence, II, 57; governor of Sardinia (56), which he plundered outrageously; successfully defended by Cicero and Hortensius; later (52) condemned and banished, I, 138; palace on the Palatine, I, 138. Scipio, Gnaeus Cornelius, brother of Publius (_see_ following); consul (222) with Marcus Marcellus; with Publius in Spain (217-211); a gallant soldier, I, 61; III, 16. Scipio, Publius Cornelius, brother of Gnaeus and father of the elder Africanus, I, 121; consul (218), defeated by Hannibal at the Ticinus; waged war in Spain (217-211); a gallant soldier, I, 61; III, 16. Scipio; Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major (234-183), the son of Publius, I, 121; grandfather of the Gracchi, II, 80; defeated Hannibal at Zama (202) and closed the war; never idle in his zeal for Rome, III, 1-4.
Scipio, Publius Cornelius, son of Africanus Major, adoptive father of Africanus Minor; gifted mentally but physically disqualified for an active career, I, 121. Scipio; Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Minor, son of Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus, I, 116, 121; adopted son of Publius Africanus's son, I, 121; friend and pupil of Panaetius, I, 90; intimate friend of Laelius (_q.v._) and devoted to literature; serious, earnest, I, 108; self-control, II, 76; a great soldier, I, 76, 116; at Pydna (168) with his father; captured and destroyed Carthage (136) and Numantia (133), I, 35; II, 76; statesman of high ideals, a bitter rival and yet a friend of Quintus Metellus, I, 87. Scipio; Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio, known chiefly as the man who led the riot and murdered Tiberius Gracchus, I, 76, 109. Scipio; Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, son of the preceding; died in his consulship (111); a charming gentleman and a brilliant speaker, I, 109. Secret sin, II, 37 fg. Seius, Marcus, reduced the price of corn and regained his lost popularity, II, 58. Self-control; _see_ Temperance. Self-sacrifice, III, 25; of Regulus, III, 97-115. Sergius, Gaius; _see_ Orata. Sicily, the great island south-west of Italy, fertile and rich, occupied along the coasts by prosperous Greek colonies, a Roman province (212 on), an easy prey for rapacious governors, as Verres whom Cicero prosecuted (70), II, 50.
Sicyon, a city near Corinth, famous as a centre of art; Aratus and the tyranny, II, 81-82. Silanus, Decimus Junius, stepfather of Marcus Brutus, consul (62), aedile, II, 57. Slaves, duty toward, I, 41; III, 89. Social Instinct, man and beast, I, 12, 50; bees, I, 157; leads to justice, I, 157; weighed against justice, I, 159 fg. Society, principles of, I, 50-57; III, 53; rights of, I, 21; service to, I, 153, 155. Socrates (469-399), the great philosopher and teacher, II, 43; his ethics, III, 11, 77; his perfect poise, I, 90; brilliant dialectician, with a profound meaning in every word, I, 108; personal eccentricities, I, 148. "The noblest, ay, and the wisest and most righteous man that we have ever known." Socratic, following Socrates, I, 104, 134; II, 87; most schools of philosophy are based on the teaching of Socrates--the Academy, I, 2; the Peripatetic, I, 2; III, 20; the Cynic, I, 128; the Cyrenaic, III, 116; the Stoic, I, 6; etc. Sol, the sun-god, father of Phaëthon, III, 94. Solon, the great lawgiver of Athens (638-558 _ca._), poet, soldier, statesman; his feigned madness and the acquisition of Salamis, I, 108; his constitution and the reorganized Areopagus, I, 75. Sophocles, the great tragic poet (495-406), supreme on the Athenian stage (468-441); general in the war against Samos (440), I, 144.
Sparta, capital of Lacedaemon in the south-eastern part of the Peloponnesus, III, 99; constitution of Lycurgus, I, 76; national character, I, 64; position at end of Persian wars, I, 76; at end of Peloponnesian war, I, 76; her arsenal, III, 49; disasters, I, 84; despotic, II, 26; cause of her fall, II, 77, 80. Stoics, adherents of the school founded by Zeno, an offshoot from Cynicism, I, 128; refounded by Chrysippus; philosophy with them is practical, making life accord with Nature's laws, III, 13; virtue and philosophy are identical; virtue the only good, I, 6; III, 11, 12; moral wrong the only evil, III, 106; pain no evil, III, 105; no degrees of right or wrong, I, 10; etymologists, I, 23; define fortitude, I, 62; temperance, I, 142; duties, III, 14; controversies, III, 91; their right to teach ethics, I, 6; Cicero adopts their teaching, I, 6; III, 20; common interests, I, 22; their theology a pantheistic materialism, God working in his providence, III, 102; representative Stoics, II, 51, 86; III, 51. Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (138-78), noble, profligate, brilliant genius; would stoop to anything, I, 109; soldier against Jugurtha, Mithradates, Marius, Rome; statesman; reformed the constitution; absolute monarch of Rome (81-79); treatment of tributary allies, III, 87; confiscator, I, 43; II, 29; overturned the old morals, II, 27; Cicero opposed him, II, 51.
Sulla, Publius Cornelius, nephew of the dictator, II, 29; defended by Cicero on charge of complicity in Catiline's conspiracy. Sulla, Cornelius, a freedman of the dictator, II, 29. Sulpicius; Gaius Sulpicius Galus, consul (166); famous astronomer, I, 19; predicted an eclipse of the moon. Sulpicius; Publius Sulpicius Rufus (124-88), an eminent orator of little character, II, 49. Sungod; _see_ Sol. Superbus; _see_ Tarquin. Syracuse, a great Greek city in south-eastern Sicily, rich in art and in goods; ruled by Dion, I, 155; Dionysius, II, 25; III, 45; a popular resort, III, 58. Tantalus, son of Zeus (Jupiter) and father of Pelops (_q.v._), III, 84. Tarquin; Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the last king of Rome (535-510), a cruel tyrant, expelled by Brutus and Collatinus, III, 40. Tarquins, the kinsmen of Tarquinius Superbus, all expelled (510), III, 40. Taxation, levying of, II, 74. Temperance, the fourth Cardinal Virtue, I, 93-151; definition, I, 93; the passions, I, 102; speech, I, 103; _vs._ Justice, I, 159-160; essential to success, II, 77; _vs._ apparent Expediency, III, 116 fg. Terence; Publius Terentius Afer (195-159), a comic poet, friend of Laelius and Scipio; six plays are left; quotation from the _Heauton Timorumenus_, I, 30; the _Eunuchus_, I, 150. Thebe, daughter of Jason and wife of Alexander of Pherae, II, 25. Thebes, the capital of Boeotia, home of Pindar and Epaminondas, I, 155.
Themistocles, brilliant statesman of Athens, II, 16; gave Athens her fleet and saved Greece at Salamis (480), I, 75; consummate general, I, 108; not always scrupulous in his methods, III, 49; his valuation of character, II, 71. Theophrastus, of Lesbos, favourite pupil and successor of Aristotle, a marvellous teacher, master of Demetrius of Phalerum, I, 3; a prolific author; cited, II, 56, 64. Theopompus, of Chios (fourth century), pupil of Isocrates, orator and historian, II, 40. Thermopylae, a narrow pass on the seashore between Thessaly and Locris, held by Leonidas and his three hundred against the hosts of Xerxes (480), I, 61. Theseus, the great legendary hero of Athens, benefactor of the world; uniter of Athens and Attica; father of Hippolytus (_q.v._) by Antiope; husband of Phaedra; his son's death, I, 32; III, 94. Thrace, the vast country north of the Aegean; though the home of Orpheus, Linus, etc., it was generally considered barbarous, II, 25. Thyestes, son of Pelops and brother of Atreus (_q.v._), (III, 102). Timotheus, admiral of the Athenian fleet (378-356), compared with his father Conon, I, 116. Torquatus; _see_ Manlius. Trades; _see_ Vocation. Troezen, a city of Argolis, near the shore opposite Aegina; the asylum of the Athenians at the approach of Xerxes, III, 48. Trusts, when not to be restored, III, 95. Truth, the search after, I, 13.
Tubero, Quintus Aelius, the Stoic, a pupil of Panaetius, praetor (123); a talented jurist, III, 63. Tusculum, a town in the Alban hills, the oldest municipium in Italy, admitted (381), I, 35; public lands of, I, 21; Cicero's favourite country home. Twelve Tables, the laws of, drawn up (450); quoted, I, 37; III, 111. Tyranny, II, 23-29; inspired by false perspective, III, 36; right and duty toward the tyrant, III, 19, 85. Tyre, the great commercial city on the coast of Phoenice, II, 86. Ulysses (Odysseus), son of Laertes of Ithaca, the shrewdest of the Greek heroes at Troy, III, 97; the hero of the Odyssey, I, 113. Varro, Gaius Terentius, consul (216) with Paulus, responsible for the disaster at Cannae, III, 114. Venus (Aphrodite), the goddess of beauty and love; of Cos, III, 10. Veseris, a little stream near Mount Vesuvius; scene of the battle of Manlius Torquatus and the elder Decius, III, 112. Veturius; Titus Veturius Calvinus, consul with Spurius Postumius (321) at the Caudine Forks, III, 109. Vice, luxurious living, I, 123; sensual pleasure, I, 102, 104-106, 122-123; II, 37; avarice, II, 77; extravagance, I, 140; misrepresentation, I, 150; untruth, I, 150; corrected by observing others, I, 146; by the criticism of the wise, I, 147. Viriathus, II, 40. Virtue, defined, II, 18; chief function of, II, 17; the four Cardinal Virtues described, I, 15-17; the sources of moral rectitude, I, 152; III, 96; Nature's leadings to, I, 100; endangered by sensual pleasure, II, 37; rulers chosen for, II, 41.
Vocation, choice of, I, 115-120; change of, I, 120-121; vulgar and liberal, I, 150-152. Volscians, a people of lower Latium, subdued (303), given full citizenship (188), I, 35. War, rights of, to be enforced, I, 34; Cato's son, I, 36-37; excuse for war, I, 35, 80; justice in war, I, 38; war for supremacy, I, 38; for glory, I, 38; needless cruelty, I, 82. Wealth, Theophrastus on, II, 56; insatiable thirst for, I, 25; why sought, I, 25-27; the real good of wealth, II, 56; _see_ Riches. Wisdom, the first of the Cardinal Virtues, I, 15-19; most important, I, 153; II, 6; absolute, III, 16; and propriety, I, 94, 100; _vs._ Justice, I, 152-157, 160; confounded with cunning, II, 10; III, 72, 96; in Epicurus's system, III, 117. Wit, kinds of, I, 103-104; representatives of, I, 108. Xanthippus, a Spartan soldier of fortune, whose generalship defeated Regulus, III, 99. Xenocrates, of Chalcedon (396-314), a pupil of Plato, president of the Academy, industrious and severe, I, 109. Xenophon, soldier, historian, disciple of Socrates, II, 87; the story of Hercules's choice, I, 118. Xerxes, king of Persia (485-465), son of Darius, invaded Greece (480), came to grief at Salamis and Plataea, III, 48. Youth, duties peculiar to, I, 123; II, 52; time for choosing profession, I, 117. Zeno, of Cytium (fourth century), pupil of Crates the Cynic and founder of the Stoic school (_see_ Stoics), III, 35. page original text correction 190 sn Fab. inc. Valhen^2, 402 Fab. inc. Vahlen^2, 402 230 fn _Ma co_ MSS. _Marco_ MSS. 344 set etiam adiuvat iniuriam? sed etiam adiuvat iniuriam? 413 treacherous and crue, I, 38. treacherous and cruel, I, 38. 421 friend o Quintus Metellus, friend of Quintus Metellus, 422 father of Phaethon, III, 94. father of Phaëthon, III, 94.
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