Concept
Peer review
Overview
Peer review is the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competencies as the producers of the work (peers). It functions as a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant field.
Peer review methods are used to maintain quality standards, improve performance, and provide credibility. In academia, scholarly peer review is typically used to determine an academic paper's suitability for publication. The reviewers are experts in the topic at hand and anonymous. Peer review can be categorized by the type and by the field or profession in which the activity occurs, e.g., medical peer review. It can also be used as a teaching tool.
Henry Oldenburg (1619–1677) was a German-born British philosopher who is seen as the 'father' of modern scientific peer review. It developed over the following centuries with, for example, the journal Nature making it standard practice in 1973. The term "peer review" was first used in the early 1970s. A monument to peer review has been at the Higher School of Economics in Moscow since 2017.
Overview adapted from Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0; see the article history for authors).
Possible passages
Found by search and not yet checked by a person; they may only mention the idea in passing.
The most universal of the forms in which this difference of method is accustomed to present itself, is the ancient feud between what is called theory, and what is called practice or experience. There are, on social and political questions, two kinds of reasoners: there is one portion who term themselves practical men, and call the others theorists; a title which the latter do not reject, though they by no…
John Stuart Mill, Essays on some unsettled Questions of Political Economy
States what Peer review is.
It is suggestive that European philosophy originated (among the Athenians) under the direct pressure of educational questions. The earlier history of philosophy, developed by the Greeks in Asia Minor and Italy, so far as its range of topics is concerned, is mainly a chapter in the history of science rather than of philosophy as that word is understood to-day. It had nature for its subject, and speculated as to how…
John Dewey, Democracy and Education
States what Peer review is.
These rules state the main requirements of a good hypothesis, and are intended to aid in a general way by pointing out certain limits within which it must fall. In respect to the origin of the hypothesis, writers have usually contented themselves with pointing out the kind of situations in which hypotheses are likely to appear. But after this has been done, after favorable external conditions have been given, the…
John Dewey, Studies in Logical Theory
Close in meaning to Peer review; the term itself is not named.
Philosophers who discussed Peer review
Related ideas
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
- Social science
- Natural science
- Bias
- Nature (journal)
- Oxford University Press
- BioScience
Opposing perspectives
Place in the tradition
Part of Academic publishing.